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Timeless Literature: Do Books Ever Expire?

Nova Astrov
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Timeless Literature: Do Books Ever Expire?

 

Given the many conflicts our world faces politically today, staying informed about current affairs is more important than ever. These events shape our global landscape, influence our communities, and ultimately affect us too. But it’s also understandable why so many young people feel passive or disconnected from the media they consume. It can be overwhelming to witness tragedy after tragedy and feel powerless to change any of it.
In moments like these, maintaining empathy becomes essential. It requires us to step outside our own experiences and imagine the lives of those who don’t have the privilege of safety, stability, or peace. Literature has always b

Photo by enrico bet on Unsplash

een one of the most powerful ways to do this. Stories allow us to see through someone else’s eyes — to feel their fear, their hope, their loss, and their resilience. The following books are timeless examples of how war impacts civilians, families, and entire generations.

The Poppy War by R.F. Kuang
The Poppy War follows Rin, a war orphan who earns her way into an elite military academy in a nation on the brink of conflict. As she rises through the ranks, she discovers both the brutality of war and the terrifying power within herself. The novel blends historical events inspired by the Second Sino-Japanese War with fantasy elements, but its emotional core is painfully real. It forces readers to confront how war dehumanizes entire populations and how trauma shapes the next generation. Through Rin’s journey, we’re reminded that behind every conflict are ordinary people trying to survive forces far bigger than themselves.

Photo by HamZa NOUASRIA on Unsplash

The Book Thief by Markus Zusak
Set in Nazi Germany and narrated by Death, The Book Thief tells the story of Liesel, a young girl who finds comfort in stolen books during one of the darkest periods in history. As her foster family hides a Jewish man in their basement, Liesel learns firsthand how war fractures communities and tests the limits of human compassion. The novel highlights the quiet, everyday acts of resistance that civilians engage in — not through violence, but through kindness, storytelling, and courage. It’s a powerful reminder that even in times of war, humanity persists in small but meaningful ways.

The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini
The Kite Runner follows Amir and Hassan, two boys growing up in Afghanistan before the Soviet invasion. Their friendship is shaped by class, culture, and betrayal — and later, by the devastation of war. As Afghanistan falls into decades of conflict, the novel shows how violence uproots families, reshapes identities, and leaves emotional scars that last a lifetime. Hosseini’s

Photo by Agnieszka Ziomek on Unsplash

storytelling brings readers into the intimate, personal side of war: the loss of home, the weight of guilt, and the longing for redemption. It’s a reminder that behind every headline about conflict are real people whose lives are forever changed.

Always remember, it is a privilege to live the life that we do. Peace and stability should be a right for every nation, but the reality is that not every country is able to provide it. By reading stories like these, and by choosing to stay empathetic, we honor the experiences of those who cannot look away from conflict because they are living it. (Before reading any of these books, please make sure to check for any TW’s!)
sources: 1, 2, 3

Falling in Our Dreams?

Daniella
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0
Falling in Our Dreams?

 

Out of nowhere, you start falling. Your stomach flips, your body jerks, and you wake-up just before you think you’re going to hit the ground.

Falling is one of the most common (and perhaps one of the most physical) dreams to have. But what’s actually going on?

 

The idea of being ‘dropped’

One of the stranger (but oddly persistent) theories is that falling dreams aren’t entirely internal. You’ll sometimes hear versions of something like an angel holding you, then accidentally dropping you. In more mystical interpretations, people take that literally: an unseen presence or external force, something beyond you that loses its grip. 

Obviously, there’s no real evidence behind this. But the reason this idea sticks with so many people is because of how the dream feels. It wasn’t your decision, but something that happened to you.

 

Losing your soul?

Another theory leans spiritual. Some believe that when you fall asleep, your consciousness (or soul) drifts, and the falling sensation is what happens when it snaps back a little too quickly. Again, not scientifically grounded, but it can possibly explain the sudden return to your body when you wake up.

 

An evolutionary panic response

A more grounded (but still theoretical) idea is that falling dreams are tied to survival instincts. Early humans who were aware of heights, and reacted quickly to losing balance, were more likely to survive. So your brain may be wired to treat falling as an immediate emergency, even if it’s in a dream. So when your brain senses instability, even symbolically, it triggers a reaction to ‘survive’.

 

The psychological read: losing your footing

The most common interpretation is that falling dreams tend to happen when something in your life feels uncertain or out of your control. You could have a one-off dream of falling simply because you went hiking near a cliff or just rolled too close to the edge of your bed, but dreaming of falling could mean you feel insecure, inadequate, anxious, or overwhelmed, just to name a few.

Being pushed off a cliff could mean you don’t feel secure with others, while tripping could be a sign of lacking self-confidence. Parachuting out of an airplane or taking a graceful dive could be letting go of something negative, or setting yourself free.

 

Why we never hit the ground

Just as you’re about to hit the ground, your legs jerk, and you wake up. Hypnic jerks are sudden, involuntary muscle contractions that usually occur just as you’re falling asleep. Though the exact cause isn’t clear, one symptom of a hypnic jerk is the sensation of falling.

Sometimes, there can be an overlap between hypnic jerks and dreams about falling (which probably has more to do with your body falling asleep than your mind trying to tell you something). 

 

Most dreams fade immediately, while falling dreams are often short, sharp, and physical (and yet we remember them). The drop. The loss of control.  Falling in the air…and then you’re awake before you ever find out how it ends.

 

Sources:

Understanding Of P.T.S.D. Better

Khanh Linh
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Understanding Of P.T.S.D. Better

Many people go through difficult or frightening experiences in life. Sometimes these experiences can affect a person’s mental health for a long time. One condition that can happen after a traumatic event is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

What is PTSD?

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can happen after someone experiences or witnesses a very scary, dangerous, or shocking event.

Examples of traumatic events include:

  • Car accidents

  • Physical assault

  • War or combat

  • Natural disasters like floods or earthquakes

  • Sexual violence

  • Seeing someone seriously injured or killed

After a traumatic event, it is normal to feel scared, stressed, or sad. However, if these feelings last for many months and start to affect a person’s daily life, it may be PTSD.

Common Symptoms of PTSD

People with PTSD may experience different kinds of symptoms. These symptoms can appear within a few months after the event, but sometimes they appear years later.

1. Intrusive Memories

This means the traumatic event keeps coming back into a person’s mind.

Examples include:

  • Unwanted memories about the event

  • Flashbacks (feeling like the event is happening again)

  • Nightmares about the trauma

  • Strong emotional reactions when reminded of the event

2. Avoidance

Some people try to avoid anything that reminds them of the trauma.

For example:

  • Avoid talking or thinking about the event

  • Stay away from certain places, people, or activities

3. Negative Changes in Thoughts and Feelings

PTSD can change how a person thinks and feels.

Some signs include:

  • Feeling guilty, ashamed, or angry

  • Having negative thoughts about themselves or others

  • Feeling disconnected from family or friends

  • Losing interest in activities they once enjoyed

  • Feeling emotionally numb

4. Changes in Physical and Emotional Reactions

PTSD can also affect a person’s body and behaviour.

Examples include:

  • Being easily startled or always feeling alert

  • Difficulty sleeping

  • Trouble concentrating

  • Angry outbursts or irritability

  • Fast heartbeat, sweating, or shaking when stressed

What Causes PTSD?

PTSD develops after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. However, not everyone who experiences trauma develops PTSD.

Several factors can increase the risk, including:

  • Experiencing severe or repeated trauma

  • Having little support from family or friends

  • Having previous mental health challenges

  • Feeling guilt or shame related to the event

Why Support is Important

Support from others plays a big role in recovery. Talking with trusted people can help someone process their feelings and begin healing.

Helpful support may include:

  • Friends and family

  • Mental health counsellors or therapists

  • Doctors or psychiatrists

  • Community organizations

  • Religious or spiritual leaders

Professional therapy and counselling are often very effective in helping people manage PTSD symptoms.

Recovery is Possible

Many people recover from PTSD with time and proper support. Some people recover within several months, while others may need longer treatment.

The important thing to remember is that help is available, and no one has to face trauma alone.

If you or someone you know is struggling after a traumatic experience, talking to a trusted adult, counsellor, or mental health professional can be the first step toward healing.

Source: [1], [2], [3]

Finding Hope in Darkness – A Review of All the Light We Cannot See

Sabarish M
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Finding Hope in Darkness – A Review of All the Light We Cannot See

A good novel is supposed to immerse the reader in the world of the story and have rich characters and plot. In this blog post, I will be sharing my experience reading one of my favourite novels, All the Light We Cannot See, by Anthony Doerr. It is a historical fiction novel set predominantly during the time period of World War II in Europe, and revolves around rich characters and an interesting plot. I will also explain why I really enjoyed this book and why I recommend that you read this amazing piece of writing.

Basic Summary

The story revolves around the two main characters: Marie-Laure LeBlanc and Werner Pfennig. Marie-Laure is a French girl living in Paris, whose father works as a locksmith at the Museum of Natural History. When she becomes blind, her father builds her a model of their neighbourhood, and she learns to navigate by touch. When German forces occupy Paris, Marie-Laure and her father flee to Saint-Malo.

Werner, roughly in the same age group as Marie-Laure, is an orphan who grows up in a German mining town with a passion for radios and problem-solving. Werner’s intelligence earns him a spot at the National Political Institute of Education, a prestigious military academy where he confronts brutality. In 1944, Werner’s mission brought him to Saint-Malo during its intense bombardment from both sides. Werner encounters Marie-Laure by tracking her radio broadcasts and chooses to protect her from dangerous threats.

Why I Liked It

I loved this novel as it was a wonderful experience to read and has an amazing plot and well-developed characters. Anthony Doerr did an excellent job of immersing the reader into the world of the story and keeping the novel engaging throughout. By portraying the story from different perspectives of Marie-Laure and Werner, Doerr vividly presents the various aspects of a complex war and how it impacts people from unique backgrounds and experiences. The alternating nature of the points of view of characters in this novel adds a layer of suspense to the plot and shows the unifying message of the shared humanity of both sides of a war, and builds empathy.

Another major reason I rate this novel very highly is that the plot is filled with rich and vivid imagery, making the novel a page-turner on various occasions. Doerr’s use of alternating time periods from the past and present builds suspense and sparks curiosity in the reader, until everything finally locks into place at the end. The novel, being slower paced for the majority of the story, allowed for depth in the plot and character development. The short chapters, alternating perspectives and time periods also made the overall reading experience very engaging and made me lose track of time when reading.

Themes It Explored

There were many rich and complex themes explored throughout All the Light We Cannot See. The novel explores the themes of hope and resilience by depicting its main characters finding light in dark moments through stories, radios and kindness. An example of resilience is Marie-Laure. Despite her blindness and young age, she is able to handle the trauma of war effectively, and her courage and curiosity aid her.

From this novel, I am taking away the idea of how even small acts of kindness can create large impacts on the lives of others, by providing hope in a challenging situation. I also learned that even the most disastrous situations can have a glimmer of hope and light, which was in the form of radios in the novel.

I learned how humans are capable of both extreme cruelty and kindness, and that empathy and open-mindedness is key. I also learned the moblike mentality of humans and the natural desire to blend in with the crowd, and how it is important to act with our conscience and preserve our convictions at all costs.

Overall, this book contains insightful themes, and I have taken many ideas and learned lots about the world around me. Even if most of this book takes place in the past, all of the themes present are still relevant, and everyone can learn something from it.

Movie Trope Analysis – The Tortured Talent

Spencer
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Movie Trope Analysis – The Tortured Talent

The Tortured Talent

The portrayal of artfulness and passion is not anything new in cinema. The pursuit of greatness has always been an incredibly important aspect of storytelling, and one that has many variants in its portrayal. However, in the 21st century, the portrayal of achievement is seen as a divisive factor and looks into its detrimental implications on the main protagonist. 

Previous films, including Rocky, Chariots of Fire, etc., all present achievement as a generally positive factor that influences the growth of the protagonist. However, what if achievement were instead enabling the individual to gain more stereotypically negative characteristics? Sacrificing their morality for recognition. This is where films such as Whiplash, black-swan, and even Marty Supreme come in, when an individual prioritizes their perceived success over all else. 

The obsession with perfection, the main characters often exhibit a drive that works to harm them in the process. There grows an immense distance between them and their most important relationships, for instance, a mother-and-son relationship. 

These stories make us question the validity of obsession and at what point our passion is harming our overall happiness. This trope goes far beyond just modern media. It can be argued that Van Gogh and Virginia Woolf can also be considered tortured geniuses or artists. 

The issue with these portrayals in the media and the immortalization of attributes is that individuals feed into these characters’ backbreaking dedication instead of recognizing how their obsession causes their downfall. In Whiplash, our main character is highly stressed throughout the film and deals with abuse daily, but people, instead of viewing him as a cautionary tale, idolize him. This is similar to Marty Supreme, who is a cruel and selfish character. However, what you see on social media are edits of him and admiration of his mindset. This mindset, which serves to distance him from others and put others in harm’s way. This is in no way desirable. 

Overall, it is incredibly important to recognize how these movies enable new perspectives on achievement. The media needs to respond in a way that doesn’t diminish the intended impact of these movies. These films should not be glorified, and looking at them in only a positive light does not help us understand the complexities of human success. 

Referees: Should They Judge or Should They Be Judged?

Alina
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Referees: Should They Judge or Should They Be Judged?

In an intense tournament, stakes are high and the pressure is deafening, unfairness is like bait on a stick, dangling in front of you, and urging you to snap. Sports have an unfathomable way of subconsciously sparking a stubborn fire within you that no one can extinguish except for maybe the referees. They can be biased, appeared in many situations while doing so, and we should address this circumstance because it is not nearly as inconsequential as we believe.

Referees often express bias towards a particular organization or individual, which naturally gives the other party an unfair disadvantage. 

No individual can be truly indifferent and calculating in their references. Therefore, an uproar arises within the audience and fans, planting a seed of frustration, and when something is planted, it will take root. On account of this, many individuals fail to acknowledge that referees cannot possibly hold no opinion. To hold no opinion is not to care, and to judge, we need to care.

An eagle’s eye in the storm, they need to be focused and nurturing. However, they should strive to be fair because everyone deserves a chance to win. Furthermore, referees are also given ultimate power, the will to bend the game, and the capacity to easily hand over a win with a blow of a whistle and a single raise of a hand. Power is corruptible; they influence you and allow you to do whatever you want. This is seemingly light; however, this can influence you to make rash decisions and bend the game entirely because the sense of power often overfloods our other senses. Revealing how powerful the referees are and why they can be so biased at times.

Individuals have regularly felt the unfairness of a game or the prejudice of a referee, and occasionally fail to realize how their judgment has impacted others. 

Due to unfairness, many individuals lose significant tournaments and matches that are important for their future. Take the 2022 Figure skating Salt Lake Olympics incident for instance, often referred to as the ‘skategate.’ Figure skating Canadian pairs performed a flawless performance with no penalties and received a silver medal. While the Russian athletes who won gold had a major error, a fall.

It is later revealed that the main France foundation was pressuring the French judge to vote for the Russian pair. If this event was as inconsequential as we believe, it would have ended right there and now. However, the whole sports rating system developed into a points system and resulted in the firing of two referees and a reward of dual golden medals presented to both Canadian and Russian pairs. Therefore, the bad judgment of referees can result in a more impactful consequence than what we constantly recognize.

Truth to be told, conjecture and opinions can’t fully disappear from our conscience; therefore, perhaps there are situations when AI is essential. 

To reduce the constant lack of fairness and accountability of these referees, perhaps robots should take their place. Robots possess so many skills that fit the role of refereeing and judging perfectly, they are not favoured for learning and academic education, however, criticism and potential can be achieved with a little prescience and a shift in perception.

First and foremost, AI can’t mentally feel anything, they have an emptiness, they follow coordinates and do what they are programmed to do, so no bias can possibly be present with complete indifference. Another thing is that they seldom make mistakes and see things humans typically miss. This increase in accuracy will profoundly benefit the fairness for the players and the games, resulting in a more balanced society.

Consequently, taking an act into acknowledging the prominent impacts unfair refereeing can cause will strengthen recognizing the problems that are classified as “small.” This acknowledges that referees can be biased towards a certain party and have been biased in many circumstances with witnesses. This should be solved by the appropriate use of AI and both individuals and referees should strive to avoid unfairness, because even if you throw a small stone in the sea, no one realizes how far it might sink.

Source: 1

The People Who Never Clock Out

Krupa P
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The People Who Never Clock Out

Healthcare workers are the backbone of our communities, showing up every day to care for others even in the most challenging situations. Whether in hospitals, clinics, or emergency settings, they dedicate their time, energy, and compassion to helping people heal and feel safe. Yet, their hard work or appreciation often goes unnoticed or underappreciated. Taking their time to recognize and thank these individuals is more important than ever, as even acts of small gratitude can make a meaningful difference in their lives. These 3 meaningful ways of appreciation can be your first step to showing appreciation to these workers.

1. Thank You Notes and Cards

Starting off simple and small, but still one of the most meaningful ways to show appreciation is to write a thank you note. Taking just a few minutes to write a heartfelt message can have a lasting impact, especially for the workers who deal with long hours, high stress, and emotional situations daily. A handwritten notes can feel personal and genuine, it reflects that you took the time to recognize their effort rather than just saying a quick “thanks.” For healthcare workers, this small act can make them feel valued and worth the long hours they work.

2. Provide Care Packages

Because healthcare workers have long and tiring hours and demanding shifts, having a small collection of useful and comforting items helps make their day easier. A well prepared care package can show consideration. Its not just about giving something, but about understanding what they might actually need during a busy shift.

Some practical items you can put could be healthy snacks, protein bars, tea bags, or instant coffee for a quick energy boost. Since healthcare workers wash their hands often, items like hand lotion, lip balm, and gentle skincare products can especially be helpful. Small comfort items like stress balls, handwritten notes, or even cozy socks can also bring a sense of relaxation and remind them to take care of themselves too. The key is to keep the items simple and easy to grab during a break.

3. Volunteer

Volunteering is a meaningful way to show appreciation and it directly supports them in their daily environment. Whole volunteers may not be involved in medical tasks, you can help with many non-clinical responsibilities that make a big difference. For example, you might be able to assist with organizing supplies, guiding visitors, delivering items within a facility and so much more. In addition, volunteering can also lead to a more positive and welcoming atmosphere. Such as helping visitors around the hospital, or just being a calming presence to a patient or a member of the staff. Healthcare settings can often feel stressful or overwhelming, so having volunteers who bring kindness and patience into the environment can make a noticeable impact. This type of support shows healthcare workers that the community values not only their work but also the environment they work in.

Conclusion

Showing appreciation to healthcare workers is not only important but necessary in recognizing the dedication and care they provide every day. Whether through thank-you notes, care packages, volunteering, or simple acts of kindness, even small efforts can have a meaningful impact. These gestures remind healthcare workers that their hard work does not go unnoticed and that their community truly values them. By taking the time to express gratitude, we help create a more supportive and respectful environment for those who spend their lives caring for others.

 

The Condition Millions of Women Live With but Few Truly Understand

Vasundhara Joshi
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The Condition Millions of Women Live With but Few Truly Understand

What is PCOS?

For many people, that question does not have an immediate answer. And that is exactly the problem.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in the world, affecting about 1 in 10 women globally. Despite how widespread it is, a large number of people who have it remain undiagnosed or unaware for years. It is not a rare condition. It is just frequently overlooked.

PCOS is often referred to as a “silent” condition, not because it has no symptoms, but because its symptoms are so commonly misunderstood or treated separately that the underlying cause is missed.

At its core, PCOS is a hormonal and metabolic disorder. It is linked to an imbalance in androgens, which are hormones that all women naturally produce in small amounts. In PCOS, these hormone levels are higher than normal, which disrupts the regular function of the ovaries.

Instead of releasing an egg each month as part of a regular ovulation cycle, the process becomes irregular or may stop entirely. Over time, the ovaries may develop multiple small follicles. These are not true cysts, but fluid-filled structures containing immature eggs that were not released. This can lead to enlarged and inflamed ovaries.

However, PCOS is not only about the reproductive system. It is also a metabolic condition, which means it affects how the body processes insulin and regulates energy. Because of this, it is linked with a higher risk of other health complications beyond reproductive health.

One of the most frustrating parts of PCOS is how long it can take to be diagnosed. For many women, it takes years. This delay often happens because symptoms like irregular periods, acne, weight changes, or fatigue are treated individually rather than being recognized as part of a larger pattern.

There is currently no cure for PCOS. Treatment mainly focuses on managing symptoms. This can include hormonal birth control, lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise, or medications that help regulate insulin levels and menstrual cycles.

In more severe cases, medical procedures may be considered, but they are not suitable for everyone and can come with long-term risks. As a result, many people with PCOS manage the condition throughout their lives rather than fully resolving it.

Beyond the medical definition, PCOS also highlights a larger issue in healthcare. Conditions that affect women are still not researched, understood, or diagnosed as efficiently as many other medical conditions. This leads to delays in care, confusion, and a lack of awareness about something that is actually very common.

PCOS is not rare. It is not new. And it is not insignificant.

It is simply underrecognized.

Sources:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459251/

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2022.1030353/full

Why Young People Should Learn the Difference Between National Pride and Harmful Nationalism

Khanh Linh
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Why Young People Should Learn the Difference Between National Pride and Harmful Nationalism

In today’s world, we hear the word nationalism a lot. It appears in politics, history classes, social media, and even daily conversations. But what does it really mean, and why should young people care?

Nationalism is the belief that people who share the same culture, language, history, or identity belong together as a nation and should have the right to govern themselves.
At its best, nationalism can bring people together. It can create pride, unity, and a strong sense of belonging.

However, history has also shown that nationalism can become dangerous when it turns into exclusion, discrimination, or hatred toward others.

That is why I believe young people need to learn how to build healthy national pride while also protecting inclusion and diversity.

The Good Side of National Identity

Loving your country is not always a bad thing.

National identity can help people feel connected to their community. It can inspire citizens to work hard, vote, volunteer, and improve society. Many independence movements around the world were built on nationalism because people wanted freedom and self-determination.

For young people, this can mean feeling proud of our city, province, or country and wanting to make it better.

For example, as youth in Canada, we may feel proud of values like multiculturalism, equality, and opportunity. That pride can motivate us to create change in our schools and communities.

When Pride Becomes Exclusion

The problem starts when national pride becomes the belief that one group is more important than others.

Sometimes nationalism can lead people to reject immigrants, minorities, or anyone seen as “different.” History gives us many examples where extreme nationalism caused conflict and division. Britannica even points out that nationalism has been a major factor in several wars.

This is especially important for youth because social media can quickly spread harmful ideas.

If we are not careful, pride in identity can turn into stereotypes, hate, and exclusion.

What We Should Advocate For

As young people, we should advocate for inclusive patriotism instead of harmful nationalism.

This means loving our country while also respecting people from different backgrounds.

We can be proud of where we come from without putting others down.

Schools should teach students more about the history and ethics of nationalism so that we can recognize both its strengths and its dangers. The Stanford Encyclopedia explains that nationalism is not only about feelings but also about political beliefs and moral responsibilities.

By understanding this, youth can become better leaders and more responsible global citizens.

A Call to Youth Voices

Our generation lives in one of the most connected times in history.

We are shaped not only by our nation but also by global communities online and in real life.

That is why I want to encourage youth to speak up for a future where identity creates belonging, not division.

Be proud of who you are.

Be proud of where you come from.

But also stand up for kindness, diversity, and inclusion.

National pride should build bridges, not walls.

Source: [1], [2], [3]

The Evolution of Colour

Ava
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The Evolution of Colour

From a young age, one of the first preferences people make is their favourite colour. Such a simple choice becomes a conversation starter, an ice breaker, and a part of one’s self-identity. This goes to show how pigments are an essential part of our daily lives, influencing our personal style and how we decorate our spaces.

Though colours are easily available to us now, it was not always that way. Which raises the question of how colours and pigments have become so accessible in modern life?

Early Uses of Colour

Natural Pigments

Over 40,000 years ago, the first recorded pigment was created on an Indonesian island. Using accessible items such as chalk, soil, animal fat, and coal. This combination was used as a foundation to create five specific colours, such as red, black, yellow, white, and brown. These colours were limited but played a significant role in storytelling, animal depiction, and rituals.

Advancements in Early Civilizations

As civilizations came into play, pigments began being manufactured. Using fruits, vegetables, and animal secretions to produce dyes. One of the first examples of manufactured pigments was Egyptian blue. Created by quartz sand, copper, lime, and high temperatures. This discovery was a stepping stone in the development of pigments, revealing how malleable colour can be.

Symbolism of Colour

During the medieval era, colours became a notable indicator of wealth. It came with strict rules deciding who could wear certain colours based on status. Certain colours that were harder to get hold of were exclusively reserved for nobles’ and royals’ use. Such as Tyrian purple.

The modernization of Colour

Scientific Work on Colour

The study of colours began to emerge more in the 17th century. One of the most significant was Isaac Newton’s. In the 1660’s his work on light and pigments became a massive stepping stone to the scientific study of colour. By discovering that white light could be split into seven different visible colours. These seven colours consist of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. He found that colour was not inherent in objects but a result of how light interacts with it. This work of his—called Opticks- led to many other major discoveries across a variety of fields to come.

Colours Today

Through the next centuries, the advancements in chemistry began revolutionizing colour production. Leading to a diverse range of new colours being made. This new abundance and versatile selection of colour started leaving huge impacts on fashion, trends, and pop culture as we know them.

Finding Meaning in COVID-19: Different Perspectives

Areej C
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Finding Meaning in COVID-19: Different Perspectives

 

When COVID-19 forced the world into lockdown, most people focused on the negative impacts like stress, isolation, and uncertainty. This article in no way is meant to undermine such feelings, or disregard the awful loss of life during this time. However, looking at it from different perspectives shows that the experience was not the same for everyone, highlighting the ambiguity and sheer diversity within the human experience. Some people were able to find positive change, while others struggled more, and this can be understood by looking at how society and individuals responded.

From one perspective, society works as a system where different parts support each other. During the pandemic, institutions like healthcare, government, families, and workplaces all had to adjust. Lockdowns were used as a way to protect people and keep things stable. Even though the main goal was to reduce the spread of the virus, there were also some unexpected positive outcomes. Many people became more appreciative of their daily lives, had more time for activities they enjoy, and spent more time outside. With normal routines disrupted, people created new ones that improved their sleep, physical activity, and overall well-being. This shows that when routines are broken, people have the ability to adapt, creating new ways of living that have the potential to improve their quality of life.

At the same time, not everyone experienced these positive changes. Different groups of people were affected in different ways. Some people had this time and resources to improve their lives, while others faced isolation, poor health, and or financial stress. Older individuals living alone often had a harder time during lockdown, while younger people, employed individuals, and those in stable relationships were more likely to experience positive changes. Highlighting the unequal effects of the pandemic. People with more support and stability were better able to take advantage of the situation, while others struggled just to get through it.

Another important perspective is how individuals created meaning during lockdown. When everyday routines disappeared, people started to see normal activities differently. Things like cooking, walking, or spending time outside became ways to feel in control and stay balanced. Even going to public places later on became a symbol of this freedom. By giving new meaning to these simple actions, people were able to stay more positive and cope with the situation.

COVID-19 affected people in very different ways. Some found growth and positive change, while others faced major challenges. These different experiences show that people respond to situations based on their environment, resources, and mindset.

Best Life Advice Quotes to Remember

Daniella
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Best Life Advice Quotes to Remember

 

Sometimes the simplest advice is the most powerful. A short quote can stick in your mind and guide your decisions when things get confusing or overwhelming. Here are some great life advice quotes to remember 🙂

 

“In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity.” – Albert Einstein

Even in hard situations, there’s always something to gain or learn. This mindset can help you stay positive and look for growth, instead of giving up.

 

“Do. Or do not. There is no try.” – Yoda, Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back 

Commitment. If you only ‘try,’ you leave room to quit; but commitment gives a better chance of success.

 

“It always seems impossible until it’s done.” – Nelson Mandela

Things often feel overwhelming at first, but once you push through, they become achievable. It’s a reminder not to judge too quickly. 

 

“You miss 100% of the shots you don’t take.” – Wayne Gretzky

Opportunities only matter if you act on them. Taking risks is necessary if you want results.

 

“Not all those who wander are lost.” – The Lord of the Rings (J.R.R. Tolkien)

Feeling unsure or taking a different path doesn’t mean you’re failing. It’s just a part of figuring things out.

 

“Happiness can be found, even in the darkest of times, if one only remembers to turn on the light.” – Albus Dumbledore, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (J.K. Rowling)

Even in difficult moments, small shifts in perspective can make a big difference.

 

“Whether you think you can or you think you can’t, you’re right.” – Henry Ford

Mindset can shape everything. Believing in yourself is often the first step to success.

 

“Fear is the mind-killer.” – Dune (Frank Herbert)

Fear can stop you from thinking clearly or taking action. Learning to manage it is a big key to growth.

 

“Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts.” – Winston Churchill

Both success and failure are temporary. What really matters is persistence.

 

Good advice can come from almost anywhere: history, fiction, or personal experience. What makes it powerful is how easily it sticks in your mind and influences your actions. Even one small reminder can make a big difference over time.

 

Sources:

Do We Inherit Memories? A 10 Year Old’s Breakthrough in Science

Xinlei L
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0
Do We Inherit Memories? A 10 Year Old’s Breakthrough in Science

 

Is it possible for us to be born with a predetermined memory engrained in our minds? Can we inherit recollections our parents experienced before they had us, some sixth sense that transcends beyond words? These are the questions that 10 year old Jo Nagai’s audience pondered in awe as they listened attentively to a tiny elementary school student presenting his science project about butterflies.

 

Curiosity Educates the Cat 

Jo has always been fascinated by insects, his favourite by far being the swallowtail butterfly. Instead of being a short lived admirer like most of his peers, he would document their life cycle and strange behaviours often overlooked. He would dedicate entire school projects into researching butterflies; whether it was a question of what they would do if stuck in their own chrysalis or exploring obscure caterpillar species. By the second grade, Jo had accumulated hundreds of pages of notes and two awards for his research and dedication. 

Yellow Swallowtail butterfly
Photo by Alan Emery on Unsplash

 

As Jo spent more time researching and looking after his butterflies, he began to notice something strange. Even when trying to free his catered insect children into the wild, they would fly back to him. This curious circumstance brewed up a thought inside the young Japanese child: Is it possible that butterflies retain their memories even after metamorphosis?

 

Skill Based Matchmaking

Coincidentally, Martha Weiss was a scientist that had answered this exact same question, but instead of butterflies, she tested moths. Her results demonstrated how moths indeed remembered their caterpillar lives before sprouting wings. This finding was considered highly controversial, as past literature had continued to insist that insects undergo a complete brain reset after metamorphosis. Obviously, this sparked Jo’s interest. Could his butterflies fly under the same umbrella? This excitement resulted in the 4 page long letter Martha received in her mailbox during spring 2022. 

 

Despite Martha’s initial skepticism, the two eventually started working side by side as transnational scientist PenPal hybrids bound together for their love of insects. They regularly exchanged ideas on how Jo could recreate a house-material friendly setup and how to optimize the methodology, using Martha’s experiment as a baseline. By fall 2022, Jo sent Martha back a letter announcing his study was finished, tied up with a whopping 33 pages of how and what. 

 

Inside the 33 Pages 

The question was simple: If a caterpillar associates something unpleasant with a smell, would it still find the same smell unpleasant after it becomes a butterfly?

 

A group of butterflies received a mild electric shock every time they smelled lavender oil (the experimental group), while another group did not receive any shocks (the control group.)

After metamorphizing, the two groups were placed into a Y shaped tube maze. One arm served as the butterfly’s entrance, and the two other arms offered sugar water. One of them contained a cotton pad with a lavender odor.

Butterfly experiment diagram
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhESxrqPjfU

 

Jo first tested the control group. The untraumatized butterflies split between the lavender and no lavender arm evenly. Hypothetically, if the experimental shocked group had erased their caterpillar memories after metamorphosis, the results would parallel the control group. 

 

However, Jo’s findings for the experimental group was surprising. 7 out of 10 butterflies avoided the arm with the lavender fragrance, a statistically significant finding. 

 

Instead of ending it off right there, Jo decided to continue his research further. After breeding his butterflies, he noticed that the same ratio of lavender avoiding butterflies still appeared compared to the experimental group; despite receiving zero training. 

 

Jo decided to breed his butterflies the third time. Low and behold, even the grandchild generation displayed parallel tendencies to their lavender-hating grandparents, Thus, with all due evidence, the conclusion was made that memories indeed persisted through one singular generation. 

 

“I thought it was amazing that memories can be inherited, because they’re so small. And I thought the caterpillars are so cute when they’re young and they’re so cute even when they become adults. So when I found out these memories can be inherited, I fell in love with them even more.” – Jo Nagai

 

Sources

1, 2 (Martha’s study)

 

Pictures

1, 2

 

 

Why Growing Up Takes so Long : Inside the Developing Brain

Nelo Anne
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Why Growing Up Takes so Long : Inside the Developing Brain

 

We’ve all had someone tell us our brains aren’t fully developed until age 25… but have you ever wondered why the process is so long and grueling? What about why 25 is the chosen age- or if this “fact” is even correct? The truth is, humans are remarkable in our mental complexity, but adolescence and the transition to adulthood can be difficult, especially when our brains seem to be throwing a tantrum in the supermarket while we’re just trying to live our lives.

What?

Human brains take muc374h longer to “grow up” than those of any other known species due to their complexity, our reliance on learning, and the evolutionary advantages this gives us. One part of the brain can be blamed for this slower pace: the prefrontal cortex, the forward-most section of the frontal lobe. This area is the last to develop, often still maturing well into adulthood.

The frontal lobe is responsible for a lot of important functions, including decision-making, impulse control, planning, critical thinking, judgment, self-control, voluntary movement, problem-solving, social interaction, attention, speaking, learning, reasoning, and creativity.

Basically, anything you do with conscious action is supported by this part of the brain. The prefrontal cortex handles the most complicated parts of these abilities, while more basic regions- like those controlling movement- develop earlier. More advanced regions that deal with emotional regulation and social behavior come later, which means the most complex things your brain can do take the longest to fully develop.

The prefrontal cortex is mainly made up of two things: neurons (cells that send and receive signals) and glial cells (basically the neuron support team- they provide nutrients and clear waste).

Why?

As humans, we rely heavily on learning rather than instinct, unlike many other species. This means that during brain development- and well beyond- we depend on other people for social cues and reasoning.

Slower development also allows for more neuroplasticity, meaning that when you’re younger, your brain is more flexible. It’s easier to adapt to different environments and to learn new skills, languages, and cultures.

Think of childhood and adolescence as a training period for your brain- it’s setting you up for the future while you’re still figuring out who you are. In a way, this slower development is evolution favoring intelligence and adaptability.

How?

Between birth and early adulthood, the brain goes through a lot of changes. The frontal lobe grows and reorganizes as connections between cells increase. The brain also changes in its balance of gray and white matter.

Gray matter processes information and contains neuron cell bodies (used for thinking and memory), while white matter acts more like communication cables, allowing signals to travel efficiently. As you get older, more white matter forms, helping different parts of your brain communicate better.

This is why younger people are often more influenced by reward and social acceptance, while older people are generally better at thinking things through logically.

Different types of intelligence also peak at different times. Fluid intelligence- like pattern recognition, abstract reasoning, and multitasking- tends to peak in the late teens to early twenties. Crystallised intelligence- like vocabulary and knowledge- peaks later, often around middle age.

During adolescence, the brain goes through a process called pruning, where excess gray matter is reduced to make room for stronger white matter connections. This helps the brain work more efficiently.

At the same time, processes like segregation (forming thoughts) and integration (connecting them) become more complex, allowing for more advanced thinking. Later on, the brain starts reinforcing the most-used pathways to make them more stable.

When?

The idea that your brain is still developing can actually be reassuring when you make mistakes or feel unsure- it’s a reminder that you’re still growing. But the idea that everything is complete at 25 is a big oversimplification.

The age 25 came from earlier research that didn’t fully track development past young adulthood. Newer studies suggest brain development continues into the 30’s and sometimes even longer.

What I’ve been calling “brain adolescence” is really the period from around age 9 into the early 30’s. Your teens and 20’s are mostly about building connections, while your 30’s are more about stabilising and maintaining them.

This is one of the best times for growth and adaptability, but it’s important to remember that development never really stops- you keep learning and changing your whole life.

Caring for Your Developing Brain

Many conditions affect the frontal lobe, including Alzheimer’s disease, autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, brain injuries, infections, and mental health conditions. Some of these are just differences in how brains work, while others are more serious.

So how do you take care of something as complex as your brain?

The good news is, you’re probably already doing some of it. Eating a balanced diet supports your circulatory system so nutrients can reach your brain. Staying active helps overall health and supports brain function.

Safety matters too. The frontal lobe sits right behind your forehead, which makes it vulnerable to injury. Things like seat belts and helmets can make a big difference.

Activities that challenge your brain- like learning languages, playing chess, or problem-solving- can strengthen connections and support long-term brain health.

Finally, because the brain is more plastic during development, substances like alcohol, caffeine, and drugs can have stronger effects. For example, alcohol can interfere with the maturation of the prefrontal cortex and damage the hippocampus (which is responsible for memory and spatial awareness). During your brain’s youth, it’s best to avoid these substances.

So…

At the end of the day, your brain is unique, and it’s meant to take its time. If things like emotional regulation or decision-making don’t feel fully there yet, that’s part of the process.

Even people who seem like they have everything figured out are still learning. The best thing you can do is take care of your brain, build good habits, and treat your mind with a bit of patience.

Sources: 1 2 3 4

The Whale Alphabet: AI’s Role in Decoding Animal Languages

Anie U
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0
The Whale Alphabet: AI’s Role in Decoding Animal Languages

 

For decades, we’ve dreamed of talking with animals. From Dr. Dolittle to science fiction, the idea has captured our imagination. Now, off the coast of Dominica, that dream is edging closer. Scientists have discovered that sperm whales communicate using a complex “phonetic alphabet”, a “whale alphabet” of sorts, and now, artificial intelligence is helping us crack the code.

A Click Language with Hidden Depths

Sperm whales are highly social creatures. They live in tight‑knit family units, raise calves together, and make group decisions. For years, researchers knew they communicated with short bursts of clicks called codas, identifying about 21 distinct types in the Caribbean. But whale society is too rich for only 21 “words.” Something must have been missing.

In 2024, a team from Project CETI and MIT analyzed nearly 9,000 codas recorded over more than a decade. They identified a surprising discovery, whereby whales don’t just repeat fixed patterns. Instead, they combine smaller features, such as a human alphabet, to create a vast range of possible vocalizations.

A Phonetic Alphabet for Whales

The researchers uncovered four key building blocks that work together:

  • Rhythm – the overall click pattern, independent of speed.

  • Tempo – how fast the pattern is, falling into five distinct categories.

  • Rubato – smooth speed‑ups or slow‑downs that whales mirror during conversation, almost like a musical duet.

  • Ornamentation – extra clicks that act like punctuation, often appearing when a conversation is about to shift from one whale to another.

Through the mix of these elements, including 18 rhythms, 5 tempos, optional rubato, and optional ornamentation, whales can generate hundreds of distinct codas. This initially perceived limited vocabulary is actually a flexible combinatorial system, capable of carrying far more information than previously thought.

How AI Helped Crack the Code

Machine learning was the primary driver of this discovery. AI sifted through thousands of hours of recordings, spotting subtle patterns human ears might miss, such as how whales match each other’s rubato across conversational turns. The algorithms helped cluster codas into rhythm families, revealing the hidden, underlying structure beneath the clicks.

Scientists then validated the AI’s findings against real whale behavior, ensuring the patterns were meaningful. This formed the grounds for a powerful partnership: AI-driven heavy lifting and meaningful human context. As Project CETI founder David Gruber told ABC News, the goal isn’t just limited to whales, but learning to understand non‑human intelligence on Earth, an understanding that may one day help us recognize it elsewhere.

Why This Matters to Us

This discovery changes how we see animals. Intelligence isn’t a ladder with humans at the top. Whales evolved a rich communication system built from clicks, different from ours, but no less sophisticated.

It also matters for conservation. If we understand whale culture through their clans, traditions, and social bonds, we can protect them more thoughtfully. Currently, conservation focuses on numbers. But understanding their social world could lead to deeper, more respectful protection.

And it’s a proving ground for AI. Decoding the “whale alphabet” teaches us how to decode signals from other species, and perhaps one day from beyond our planet.

What Comes Next

We’re not quite at “talk to whales” yet. We’ve decoded structure, not meaning, and we don’t know if they have names for each other, tell stories, or have words for the ocean. Answering those questions will require more data, more AI analysis, and eventually interactive experiments where we try to “speak back.”

But we now know the “whale alphabet” is rich and structured. It is not limited to a fixed list of calls, but a flexible system capable of expressing a huge range of ideas. That’s an invitation to listen closer.

With AI as our tool, we’re finally starting to hear what whales have been saying all along.

Sources:

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