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Our digital life all based on this!

Tsz
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Our digital life all based on this!

A microchip shape our modern world!

Intro

Every time you unlock your phone or stream a video, a computer chip (as known as Microchip) — smaller than your fingernail — sends millions of signals per second back and forth. Without it, our digital lives simply wouldn’t exist. Why? As all electrical device are more likely to have them. Something big like your vehicle or base stations which is something handle your data. To something detail like genomics, ai, and your phone! Smart consumer tech, data- and telecommunication, home automation, automotive, healthcare, robotics, and more and more! Microchip exist everywhere!

What is microchips

To begin with, what is it actually? There is no way computer chip is just a flat little square metal! So when we talk about a computer chip, we are actually referring to a tiny electronic computer built on a small piece of silicon. Right, the semi-metal we’ve learned in school. And in other word, silicon is a semiconductor, which this property allows it to control the flow of electricity- to switch the circuits on and off.

Of course, a chip isn’t just one simple piece. If you’ve ever read technology news, you’ve probably heard about the development of “2-nanometer” or “3-nanometer” chips, and one nanometer is one billionth of a meter, which is tens of times smaller than a human red blood cell.

At this nanoscale, engineers use advanced techniques to add patterns* on the silicon surface. These tiny structures form the pathways through which electric currents travel, giving the chip its unique abilities. So that means the more patterns or transistors on a chip can fit, the more powerful and capable it becomes!

That’s why companies and researchers are racing to create chips with smaller and smaller nanometer sizes, so that they could have more functions on it and turn our technology becomes faster and more efficient.

 

 

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*: During the production process, manufacturers coat silicon wafer with a radiation-sensitive material, forming a very fine coating called “resist.” When a beam of radiation hits the resist, it triggers a chemical reaction that carves out details such as patterns and circuits on the wafer.

 

Sources:

https://www.imec-int.com/en/what-we-offer/semiconductor-education-and-workforce-development/microchips/applications

https://www.asml.com/en/technology/all-about-microchips/microchip-basics

https://scitechdaily.com/johns-hopkins-unlocks-new-chemistry-for-faster-smaller-microchips/

 

Screamfest: You Will Scream

Diya Kunisetty
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Screamfest: You Will Scream

Do you like screaming? No, not the screaming you do on amusement park rides..

Imagine that it’s pitch black all around you and all your senses begin to deteriorate, or that you’re being chased by gross zombies who want to eat your “delicious” brain. Or that you’re surrounded by hundreds of possessed dolls, and they’re creepily staring while watching your every move!

I’m talking about Screamfest. Calgary’s most famous Halloween festival that WILL make you scream. In this blog post, I’m going to be talking about what the event is, some tips and tricks to survive (though I can’t guarantee you’ll survive the haunted houses), and all the crazy things you should expect!

Ok, to start us off, what even is Screamfest?

Basically, it’s an event that happens every Halloween (and the days leading up to it) that features a variety of Halloween-related activities. By “activities”, I don’t mean “trick or treating”. I mean everything else that will make you scream your heart out. 

To be more specific, Screamfest features a variety of different activities, such as haunted houses, rides, and a gazillion other attractions too! Don’t worry, there will also be food available to purchase at the event for you to replenish yourself after all that screaming.

What kind of haunted houses are there?

Disclaimer: Nothing in the houses will reach out to touch you or cause you any sort of physical pain (emotional pain is in your hands).

  • Exception: Zombie Outbreak House

There are 7 different thrilling haunted houses for people to choose from, all with a terror-inducing, unique atmosphere.

The Dollhouse: Imagine hundreds of creepy dolls with glassy eyes staring and watching your every move. These dolls aren’t just the typical ones kids would play with, some of them are severed, bloody, and last but certainly not least, possessed. 

Slaughterhouse: As you try to escape this nasty meat locker, participants dodge through hooks while trying to survive the heavy air, where you can almost taste the blood dripping from above you and around the walls.

Clown Town: Me personally, I used to like clowns a lot when I was little, however it turns out that many people are terrified of them. Then again, the clowns I was around made silly jokes and gave me balloon animals. If you choose to go into this house, your fate may not be this lighthearted. In this house, venture into an eerie clown’s basement and hope that you’ll make it out alive.

Bates Motel: Instead of a 5-star luxury resort in the Bahamas, you’ll be staying in a nasty little motel. With blood covering the walls and stenches you’ll never be able to forget, the last sight you’ll probably see is a neon sign saying “no vacancy”– if you have any eyes left to see with of course…

The Clinic: You won’t get any anesthesia here, as your sole purpose in this house is to feel and endure the pain. Doctors will give you procedures that weren’t asked for, and you’ll leave after undergoing an operation you protested against. 

Afraid of the Dark: I don’t think people are scared of being alone in the dark, rather, I think people are scared of not being alone in the dark, and not knowing what’s out to get you. In this house, you’ll step into an abyss of terror and feel your senses deteriorating in seconds. In this black void, you will be navigating sinister twists and turns, hear monsters shrieking in the background, and your hands will probably brush against rotting flesh. I hope you don’t get lost and trapped in the darkness forever! 🙂

Zombie Outbreak: This is the most EXTREME haunted house offered at Screamfest. It’s so extreme that you literally have to sign a waiver to even enter. In this house, the zombies will reach out to grab you, and you must hope that your adrenaline will help you make it out alive (or as dead as a zombie). 

Ok…but what if haunted houses aren’t for you?

Slingshot: Get ready to be launched 200 feet in the air at almost 160 km/h in the dark of night. This will surely induce some screams of terror, won’t it?

Terror in 3D: This is like a level below haunted houses, because you are visually experiencing the terror rather than physically in the haunted house. Hopefully you will make your way through this experience safe and sound (may the odds be ever in your favour).

Area 51 Monster Trucks: In this monster ride, get ready to experience some thrilling bumps and crashes!

Thrills and Rides: The website doesn’t specify, but just assume that there will be some other generic carnival rides. 

Screaming Room: This is level down from “Terror in 3D”, as spooky and scary movies will be screened. 

Midway of Mayhem: There will be a bunch of Halloween themed carnival games, where you’ll have the chance to win a variety of prizes. Get ready to embrace your inner basketball player and toss severed heads into hoops! In order to play these games, you can purchase something called “Killer Cash” along with your ticket. 

Killer Cash: A special Screamfest currency that can be used onsite for games and entertainment

Adults Only Night:If you are above the age of 18 and happen to be reading this post and thinking to yourself, “what if I don’t want to be surrounded by annoying kids and crazy teenagers”? Well you’re in luck as an “Adults Only Night” happens during the festival where you will scream even more!

In 2025, “Adults Only Night” will take place on October 23 2025.

OK, time for some other important information:

Event Dates (in 2025):
October 10, 11, 17, 18, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31 + Nov 1

Time: 7pm-Midnight

Location: Stampede Park 

Address: GMC Stadium, 2200 Stampede Trl SE, Calgary, AB T2G 2W1

Pricing:

On the website only ranges are given, however when you go to book tickets in “Showpass.com” you will see the exact prices (everything below includes tax, however food and etc. are not included): 

General Admission: $38.12

  • One admission to all of the haunted houses (except “Zombie Outbreak”)

General Admission + Killer Cash Combo: $47.66

  • One admission to all of the haunted houses (except “Zombie Outbreak”) 
  • $16 in Killer Cash

General Admission + Zombie Outbreak Combo: $47.66

  • One admission to all of the haunted houses

Speedpass: $57.19

  • VIP Front of Line service (so you can spend less time waiting)
  • One admission to all of the haunted houses (except “Zombie Outbreak”)
  • Two additional entrances to the haunted houses of your choice
  • $16 in Killer Cash 

Speedpass + Zombie Outbreak Combo: 

  • VIP Front of Line service (so you can spend less time waiting)
  • One admission to all of haunted houses
  • Two additional entrances to the haunted houses of your choice!
  • $16 in Killer Cash 

Parking/Transportation:

The nearest train station to the Grandstand is Erlton Stampede station. On the other hand, there is lots of parking located close to the BMO Centre, however there is a $15 parking fee throughout the Calgary Stampede area. 

What to bring vs. what not to bring:

Bring:

  • Your phone
  • ID
  • Any essential items you can’t “live” without

Don’t:

  • Alcohol, drugs, etc
  • Anything that can slow you down when running (ex. big bulky bags)

And ya, that’s pretty much everything you need to know about Screamfest! Good luck trying to survive (because you’re going to need it)!

Sources: 1,2

The Ingenious Invention of the QR Code

Mason C
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The Ingenious Invention of the QR Code

The Ingenious Invention of the QR Code

The QR code, an invention of an undercover genius, emerged from the manufacturing floors of Japan to become a very important fixture of modern life. It was first developed in 1994 by an engineer called Masahiro Hara and his team at Denso Wave, a subsidiary of Toyota. The “Quick Response” code was designed for one purpose and one purpose only, to solve the inefficiency of traditional barcodes.

What is the QR code?

A QR code is a type of two dimensional barcode that is able to store information in a grid of black and white squares, readable by designated scanners, or smartphones. These codes were originally used to track auto parts but now link physical objects (the QR code) to digital content such as websites, contact information, or even WiFi networks.

Why was the QR code invented?

The QR code was invented to improve the limitations of traditional scanning of barcodes. These traditional barcodes had restricted information capacity, and required slow directional scanning. The original barcode was designed to reduce the stress on the wrists of cashiers in Japan during the 1960s which previously required typing prices manually. However, as the use of the barcode spread, their limitations became apparent as well. The most prominent of them all was the fact that a barcode can only hold 20 alphanumeric characters or so of information. Thus the QR code was created to hold 7,089 numeric characters, 4,296 alphanumeric characters, and 2,953 bytes of mixed binary data. But have you ever wondered why QR codes don’t ever run out? Well, the term “QR codes” refers to a pattern-generating system, not a finite number of pre-made codes; the number of possible patterns is astronomically large, essentially infinite, meaning we can always create a new unique pattern by encoding different data. 

How does a QR code work?

How a QR code works is truly fascinating. First, the code is scanned by a smartphone or a dedicated QR code scanner. Then the scanner first identifies the three large, square “finder patterns” in the corners of the code. Then the finder patterns help the scanner determine the code’s orientation, which is the key to being able to read codes that are titled or skewed. Then the scanner breaks down the rest of the QR code into a grid of small squares, and each black or white square is assigned a value of either 0 or 1, which forms a unique pattern corresponding to the data. Finally this binary data is decoded in human-readable information, such as text and so on.

Where is the QR code used?

The QR code is used in a broad array of applications. These can include payments and commerce, directing to websites, applications, and information sharing. You can also find them very useful in healthcare for patient information or contact tracing as seen with COVID-19 apps. Let us know in the comments how you have used QR codes!

The QR code may have started as a simple solution to the limitations of the original barcodes, but over time it has become a powerful and extremely useful bridge between the physical and digital worlds. From its origins in Japanese factories to its widespread use in healthcare, retail, and everyday life, this small square of pixels continues to prove its versatility. What began as a tool for efficiency is now an invention that connects people, information, and technology with just a quick scan.

QR Codes – Wikipedia

QR Code History

How QR codes work

Binary Code – Wikipedia

Will QR codes ever run out?

Can a Vaccine Really Cure Cancer?

Xinlei L
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Can a Vaccine Really Cure Cancer?

Every two in five Canadians will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime. This statistic is not only shocking to read, but probably means that you know or will know someone in your life with cancer. Millions of lives have been taken by the hands of this deadly, seemingly incurable disease. Fortunately, researchers are under the process of developing vaccines that might cure cancer once and for all. 

Protein (Antigen) Vaccines

A typical vaccine is given before the illness occurs, acting as “preventative medicine.” However, researchers are challenging this idea by trying to make a vaccine that cures cancer even after cancer is found. To understand how it works, it’s important to have a basic grasp on human biology.

Every cell in your body is surrounded by and full of different proteins. Cells constantly die and your body has to make up for that by replacing them; Using a process called “cell division,” the cell divides itself into two. 

Cancer is when a cell mutates from cell division and becomes useless, multiplying in number and spreading across the body. The sheer amount of cancerous cells often lump up and result in tumours, damaging DNA. In a tumour, you’ll find a protein exclusive to the affected area. 

The protein vaccine, (A.K.A. antigen vaccine,) identifies the most common protein found in the tumour and makes a safe copy of it in a lab. The lab-made protein is then injected into the patient, for the immune system to recognize and learn how to attack it. This can be broken down into two parts. The dendritic cells find the lab-made protein to present it to the T-cells, who then learn to attack the real cancerous protein cells. 

Unfortunately, this vaccine has not proven to be 100% foolproof. Side effects sometimes occur in patients such as fever, dizziness, chills, and other flu-like symptoms. 

Personalized Cancer Vaccines

Every tumour is different, containing unique proteins called “neoantigens.” Doctors draw a sample of the tumour to collect the genetic instructions on how to make the neoantigens. They sequence the neoantigens as well as the cell’s DNA to identify the proteins that will react most intensely to the immune system. Afterwards, they inject those neoantigens in the body for the dendritic cells to find, and send the T-cells to attack. This vaccine has proved itself extremely useful especially in pancreatic and skin cancer. 

Conclusion

Everything considered, vaccines prove themselves a highly promising treatment for cancer patients. However, like most other vaccines, there are mild side effects in taking one. What are your thoughts on the topic? Will cancer vaccines truly be the cure to cancer? 

Sources

Cancer vaccines

Cancer statistics

Cancer-busting vaccines are coming: here’s how they work 

What is cancer? | Animation | Minute to Understanding 

 

My experience volunteering at an Alzheimer’s Center

Diya Kunisetty
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1
My experience volunteering at an Alzheimer’s Center

Youth Central, if you didn’t already know, is a volunteer organization for students to join! It offers a variety of different projects for students to choose and partake in, ranging from volunteering at a peaceful elderly home, serving food at a chaotic stampede breakfast, or even caring for the environment at Weaselhead park. Today, I’m going to be telling you about one of my favorite volunteer projects!!

I’ve volunteered at Club 36 in Seton a bunch of times. The name doesn’t really explain what it is, so it’s basically a day-camp for people over the age of 55 living with Alzheimer’s. You’re probably wondering why they have a day-camp for people with Alzheimer’s, and there is actually a really profound reason behind it. 

When someone has Alzheimer’s or any form of dementia, they may lose the ability to think coherently and take care of themselves, putting immense stress and extra work for their caregivers. Many families like having their loved ones nearby and don’t want to send them to a permanent home, but they may be constantly struggling every day to take care of everything. That’s why Club 36 is there to help. Almost every Saturday, families can drop off their loved one living with dementia, giving them a couple hours to just rest and take time for themselves. At the center, these individuals engage in a variety of activities, including painting, singing, and so much more. 

While I volunteered there I learned about what dementia really is and how it affects the brain, while also learning about effective ways to engage these individuals in uplifting activities. One activity they emphasized was art, and how it is both enjoyable and keeps the mind active. At Club 36, art (and music) is incorporated into a variety of activities, which allows for their minds to not only be active, but to also grant them some simple enjoyment for the day. 

When I volunteered there a couple of times, one of my favorite activities was making a Dreamcatcher. It’s basically an art project where you tape down strings on a piece of paper and then paint over everything. You use bright and beautiful colours while adding glitter and sparkles and anything your heart desires. Once you’re done, you remove the strings and you’re left with a beautiful design. I love this project because not only is the outcome stunning, but I love seeing the people get so happy over little things like this. It kind of reminds me of little kids doing crafts at preschool, and seeing their faces light up with joy when they finish their masterful work. 

Another one of my favorite activities was axe-throwing. I know you’re probably thinking, “ummm are you sure you did that??”, which is a valid question. When I mean axe-throwing, it was just a kids version with small plastic axes, a board, and us standing pretty close to it. Apart from me liking the activity because it’s, well, axe-throwing, I thought it was a good game for the participants to play because it utilized their brain (to aim for the center), and it required some physical movement which is good for everyone. 

Of course this project is great in so many different ways, but I felt that it would be best to tell you some of the challenging aspects too (which actually can be seen as positives if you really think about it). One main thing was it could be a little bit repetitive trying to communicate with these individuals. Like we had to be super patient, annunciate our words, and repeat ourselves a lot. I mean this isn’t necessarily a big issue or anything, and I honestly feel pretty bad because they are facing these issues – but if you ever think of doing this project make sure to be very very patient with them. Another thing to keep in mind was that sometimes they would be very honest and straightforward about what they think. Like they may comment on your hair or say you’re not doing something good enough, and at that moment you just need to keep in mind that they can’t really control themselves and it is your duty to be kind. 

Overall, I really like this project and I encourage all of you reading to definitely give it a chance if you can. You learn so so much about patience, kindness, and seeing them smile can truly light up your day!!

Hope to see you on the next project!!!!!!!!!!

If you wan’t to learn more about Club 36:

https://www.alzheimercalgary.ca/find-support/get-help/club-36

The Rockin’ Future of Diabetes Management

Anie U
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The Rockin’ Future of Diabetes Management

For decades, insulin injections have traditionally been the lifeline for millions of people worldwide suffering from diabetes. This seemingly simple, daily routine, while life-saving, may occasionally be invasive, inconvenient, and rather painful. However, in an unexpected turn, with the overlap between science and art, researchers are exploring a revolutionary and rocking approach: rock n’ roll music. Though akin to science fiction, scientists have found a way to stimulate the ways the body reacts to insulin injection without the actual injection part!

The Science Behind the Sound

At the very heart of this idea lies the biological impact of music on the human body. Music, like rock n’ roll, produce strong vibrations that influence brain chemistry, hormone release, and cellular responses unique to high-energy melodies. Research shows that certain sound frequencies can activate the vagus nerve, a nerve primarily responsible for metabolism and blood sugar regulation.

Furthermore, studies on “mechanotherapy” suggest that vibrations can accurately stimulate the pancreas, the organ responsible for the production of insulin. Laboratory experiments have shown that sound waves in the low-frequency range may encourage pancreatic beta cells to release insulin naturally. Rock music, with its powerful bass lines and percussive beats, has shown to be the most effective at encouraging these pancreatic beta cells.

Rock ’n’ Roll Meets Biotechnology

Scientists aren’t just playing random songs and hoping for results. Teams are working with bioengineers to fine-tune music into therapeutic tools. By analyzing the frequency spectrum of rock music—especially guitar riffs, drumbeats, and bass tones—researchers are identifying sound signatures that optimize insulin release. The goal is to create “prescription playlists,” where a doctor could recommend a specific 30-minute rock session as part of diabetes management, a unique and spectacular to minimize the stressfullness of diabetes treatment.

Imagine being told to listen to Led Zeppelin or AC/DC instead of reaching for a syringe. It is more than a fun concept – it’s one that has the power to fully shift the availability and convenience of medicine. Music is accessible, non-invasive, and free of the side effects associated with synthetic drugs or injections, and its intergration into healthcare could leave an impact never felt before.

Possible Challenges

This concept is still in its infancy, meaning clinical trials are required to test whether this musical genre can consistently replace insulin injections for real patients. Not all frequencies are exactly safe, and overstimulation could create unintended effects, depending on the specific patient. Additionally, the approach may work best for type 2 diabetes patients, while those with type 1 will likely still require supplemental insulin.

Conclusion

Rock ’n’ roll has always been about breaking boundaries and rewriting the rules. Now, it may be on the verge of rewriting the future of diabetes care. The shift from the needle to an amplifier is a breakthrough for the ages, and one that could transform diabetes care from a routine of pain and precision into a rhythm of empowerment, accessibility, and hope.

5 Unique Ways to Volunteer in Your Community

Suha Arvapalli
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5 Unique Ways to Volunteer in Your Community

When you think of volunteering, you may be picturing a large organization (like Youth Central!), or an environment that consists of name tags, a uniform, and team leaders. In reality, you can volunteer in your community completely independent of any organization, or you can even start your own!

For those of you having difficulties finding open volunteer opportunities, here are some unique ways you can make an impact in your community.

1. Tutoring

If you enjoy a particular subject at school or excel in a certain craft, you can offer lessons or tutoring services to teach it to younger kids in your community. From instruments to math, you can get the word out about your speciality by putting up flyers or using social media. Word of mouth is also an underrated way to spread information. Ensure your contact information is clear, and you outline your availability. Remember to make a separate email for your tutoring instead of putting your personal one on blast in public.

Try scoping your close friends’ circle first; maybe they have a younger sibling or a family friend who would benefit from your knowledge. Ensure you know and trust the person before meeting up with them in person. If you’re a teenager, ensure adults are involved throughout the entire process, due to “stranger danger”.

With tutoring, you have lots of flexibility. You can choose to meet up at a library, give your guidance online, have weekly sessions, and more. You can have a parent sign off on hours or track them on your own. It’s surprising how popular tutoring is, and you’ll get an opportunity before you even know it.

Photo by Ralu Gal on Unsplash

2. Dog Walking

If you’re allergic to dogs, I suggest you skip this one for obvious reasons.

Dog walking is an extremely helpful way to give back to your neighbors. Owners may not have time to take their dogs outside due to work constraints or lack of free time, which is where you’ll step in. Similar to tutoring, you can get the word out through flyers and community groups online. Your mom’s Facebook account will come in clutch when you least expect it.

Talk to dog owners who live close by and hand out your contact information. You can get them to sign off on hours if you need it. Since you’re just starting out and not doing this for any commissions, stick to one dog at a time.

Having previous experience with dogs is important for this one. You’ll also need to be prepared for worst-case scenarios, and communicate your comfort level when it comes to large dogs. You’ll need to build rapport with the animal, and you can even get a parent or a friend to join you if you feel like it.

As a bonus, if you want help convincing owners that you’re qualified, you can look into Pet First-Aid courses and show them your certification. Pet First-Aid is a vital skill to have in your pocket. If you already have a First-Aid certification, it’ll be even easier for you to get certified. I found it to be super fascinating in general!

3. Start a Food/Toy/Clothing Drive

This one requires some communication with a larger organization. You can get the word out about your food drive, and either go door to door collecting donations, or set up a specific spot in your community where people can drop off their contributions. You can make posters, take on a leadership role and start an initiative with more people involved, and track your hours based on how much time you put into organizing it.

Once you gather donations, you can drop them off at an organization that will take them. Contact them beforehand to make sure they’re open for donations. You can take a look at their website and look into organizations like the Alberta Children’s Hospital (for toys) and the Women’s Shelter in Calgary.

This may seem obvious, but if you’re donating food, ensure all food is non-perishable. If it’s clothes or toys, do a quick check to make sure they’re in a good state for someone new to use.

4. Write a Kind Letter/Care Card

For those in isolation or facing hard times, a small note of kindness can go a long way. Organizations like the Alberta Children’s Hospital allow you to make and send digital cards to patients in the hospital. You can take the extra step further and deliver the cards yourself!

There are pen pal programs you can look into, and lots of digital opportunities as well. You can widen your scope and start a club or committee that will work with you to brighten someone’s day.

Whether it’s to a senior in your community, a healthcare professional you appreciate, or someone going through difficulties, your kind words can make incredible impacts in someone’s life. I believe that volunteering is about making a meaningful difference in your community, and you can do so by bringing joy to people through small acts of kindness like this one. At the end of the day, the hours are just numbers, and it’s the difference you make that matters.

Photo by Hillary Ungson on Unsplash

5. Start a Club 

If you’re interested in taking on a leadership role, consider starting a club in your school or community dedicated to making a difference. Think of something you’re passionate about and take it to the next level. For example, if you’re passionate about advocating for the environment, start a club dedicated to advocacy, neighborhood clean-ups, fundraising events, and more.

Starting a club requires more people interaction, structure, and organization. This may be a harder way to volunteer more, but it’s extremely rewarding. You can make a bigger impact, and you also get leadership points, which may be useful for college applications or resumes.

Depending on how creative your mission is, your club will gain traction with like-minded individuals. Not many people consider a commitment like this one, making you unique.

TL;DR

Here are five unique ways to volunteer on your own:

  1. Offer tutoring or lessons to kids in your community
  2. Offer dog walking services
  3. Start a food/clothing/toy drive in your neighborhood
  4. Write kind letters or cards to those who need them
  5. Start a volunteering club 

What is economics?

Diva Negi
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0
What is economics?

Economics has many definitions in various contexts. The one most often used to describe economics in the context of a simple explanation is “the social science that studies how people and societies make choices to allocate scarce resources for the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.”

Economics can be broken down into two main branches:

  • Microeconomics: behaviour of individual consumers and businesses, examining decisions related to supply and demand, pricing, and market competition.

  • Macroeconomics examines the economy as a whole, studying topics such as national income, unemployment rates, inflation, and economic growth.

The field of economics has a rich history that dates back to ancient civilizations. The early study of economics was often referred to as political economy, where scholars focused on understanding how policies and political systems impacted wealth and resources.

16th-18th Century (Mercantilism and the Birth of Classical Economics): During this period, thinkers like Adam Smith laid the foundations of what we now think of as classical economics. His seminal work, The Wealth of Nations (1776), argued that individuals acting in their own self-interest could unintentionally promote the public good through the “invisible hand” of the market.

19th Century (Classical and Neoclassical Economics): Economists like David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx further developed ideas about capitalism, markets, and labour. Meanwhile, the rise of industrialization made economic theory even more relevant, as societies grappled with questions of production, distribution, and social welfare.

20th Century (Keynesianism and the Evolution of Economic Thought): The Great Depression in the 1930s led to a major shift in economic thinking. British economist John Maynard Keynes argued that governments should play an active role in regulating the economy, especially during periods of recession. This led to the development of Keynesian economics, which focuses on the role of government spending and monetary policy in stabilizing the economy.

Studying economics offers a wealth of benefits, both personally and professionally. Here’s what you can gain from learning  the subject:

  • Informed Decision-Making
  • Career Opportunities
  • Global Perspective
  • Critical Thinking and Problem Solving




Citations

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/economics.asp

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/microeconomics.asp

https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/ap-macroeconomics/basic-economics-concepts-macro/introduction-to-the-economic-way-of-thinking-macro/a/lesson-summary-opportunity-cost-and-the-production-possibilities-curve

https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-notes/19689853

https://www.tutorchase.com/answers/ib/economics/what-is-the-fundamental-definition-of-economics

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/economics-econometrics-and-finance/economics

The Power of Volunteering: How Giving Back Changes Lives

Avy
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0
The Power of Volunteering: How Giving Back Changes Lives

The Importance of Volunteering

Volunteering is one of the most meaningful ways to contribute to your community and support causes that matter. By giving your time and effort without expecting payment, you help improve the lives of others and strengthen the bonds within your community. Whether assisting at a shelter, organizing events, or mentoring others, volunteering allows you to play an active role in making positive change.

Personal Growth Through Volunteering

One of the greatest benefits of volunteering is the opportunity for personal development. Volunteering helps you build important skills such as communication, teamwork, and leadership. It can also boost your confidence and help you discover new interests or career paths. Many volunteers find a strong sense of purpose and satisfaction knowing their actions have a real impact.

Building Community Connections

Volunteering brings people together from diverse backgrounds who share a common goal. It creates opportunities to meet new people, form lasting friendships, and feel connected to your community. Through volunteering, individuals become more aware of social issues and develop greater empathy and compassion for others.

Supporting Essential Services

Many nonprofit organizations and community programs rely on volunteers to operate. Without volunteers, many important services such as food banks, environmental projects, and educational programs would not be able to function. Volunteering allows you to support causes you care about and contribute to the well-being of your community.

Benefits to Mental and Physical Health

Volunteering is not only good for the community but also has positive effects on your own health. Studies show that volunteering can reduce stress, combat feelings of depression, and increase overall happiness. It provides a sense of purpose and keeps you active and engaged, which improves quality of life.

How to Get Involved

No matter your age or skills, there are many ways to volunteer. You can donate a few hours a week or participate in special events. The key is finding a cause that resonates with you and taking the first step to get involved. Every effort counts and makes a difference.

Conclusion

Volunteering is a powerful way to create positive change and build a stronger, more compassionate society. By giving your time and energy to help others, you not only improve the lives of those in need but also enrich your own life. Volunteering is an act of generosity that benefits everyone involved.

Formula 1: Driving Innovation

Mason C
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0
Formula 1: Driving Innovation

Formula 1 (F1) is the highest class of international single-seater, open-wheel racing. It is often considered the pinnacle and most prestigious motor racing competition globally 1. Races are held all over the world, and all the drivers (20 drivers, 10 teams) compete for points. Whichever driver and team amass the most points after the entire season are crowned the world champions. Formula 1 is a very competitive sport, all about speed. During the race, the speed can reach up to 372.6 km/h (231.5 mph), to put that into perspective, a blink of an eye is 0.1 seconds, and within that time the vehicle would have traveled more than 10 meters, even under the most severe circumstances. Even a single pound of extra weight can cost up to two seconds, giving other competitors an advantage 2. To be the best of the best, teams spend up to 350 million dollars to develop the most competitive car 3. Formula 1 not only serves as a sport but also as one of the most powerful engines in leading innovation, driving improvements in other fields including automotive, aerospace, and healthcare 4.

 

Formula 1 fuels innovation in many different ways:

Hybrid Power Technology:

Formula 1 cars consist of a power unit (internal combustion engine and electric motors) that has greatly influenced the development of hybrid cars and electric vehicles (EVs) 5. Formula 1 cars use a system called the Energy Recovery System (ERS), which recaptures kinetic energy under braking. This directly inspired technologies for regenerative braking in EVs as well as energy storage for power grids 6. Furthermore, Formula 1 is focusing on developing sustainable fuels, pushing for a more environmentally friendly alternative in the automotive industry 7.

A Tesla electric vehicle recharging at a charging station
Photo from Unsplash by Waldemar, Published on August 6, 2020

 

Lightweight Materials and Manufacturing:

Formula 1 uses some of the most advanced materials like carbon fiber and Kevlar, which extend beyond racing to other industries such as aerospace, healthcare, and everyday manufacturing 8. These industries benefit from the lighter, stronger, and more durable materials pioneered in Formula 1.

Close-up of carbon fibre, a strong and lightweight material used in Formula 1 cars
Photo from Unsplash by Komorebi Photo, Published on October 8, 2024

 

Data Analysis and Simulation:

Formula 1 teams rely heavily on data analysis to optimize car performance. They use machine learning and AI to push the boundaries of what is possible with aerodynamics, materials, and more 9. These methods can also be adopted by other industries, such as aerospace, to produce more effective spacecraft and technology 10.

 

Safety Innovations:

Formula 1 works relentlessly to improve the safety of drivers and others. This is done by combining advanced materials with intricate design. From the development of carbon fiber monocoques to the use of advanced materials in helmets, Formula 1 has pushed the boundaries of what is possible in safety engineering 11.

A Formula 1 racing helmet on display
Photo from Unsplash by Cash Macanaya, Published on May 23, 2025

 

In essence, Formula 1 isn’t just a sport, but a cutting-edge lab where technologies are developed, tested, and refined to gain an edge for various industries and improve the lives of people around the world 12, 13.

 

TL;DR:

 

Sources: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

I Shadowed a Dentist for 8 Hours—Here Are 5 Myths (Busted!)

Jia J
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2
I Shadowed a Dentist for 8 Hours—Here Are 5 Myths (Busted!)

I Shadowed a Dentist for 8 Hours—Here Are 5 Myths (Busted!) 

When you think of going to the dentist, what comes to mind? For a lot of people, the experience consists of bright lights, scary tools, that awkward wide-open mouth feeling, and maybe even pain. After shadowing a dentist for a whole day, I’ve learned how many of the myths surrounding dental visits aren’t true at all. Here are five main ones I kept hearing—and why they’re false! 

Myth #1: Dentists are scary

They’re not. Dentists are regular people who drink coffee (specifically, iced), tell stories about what they did over the weekend, and plan vacations like everyone else! At the office I shadowed, the team even started their day with a morning meeting to boost morale and brainstorm how to make the patient experience the best they can. 

Myth #2: Going to the dentist always hurts. 

This is one of the biggest fears when patients come to clinics; modern dentistry is all about comfort. If you easily get nervous, you’re provided with comfort items—such as blankets and pillows—or stress balls that you can squeeze. Especially for procedures like fillings, dentists use numbing gels and tiny needles you’ll barely feel. 

Myth #3: You only need to go if something hurts. 

Regular checkups usually catch small problems earlier, even before you notice them. If you do wait until you feel pain, that usually makes things worse (and way more expensive). Prevention is the best medicine. 

Myth #4: Dentists judge you if your teeth aren’t perfect. 

Dentists have seen it all. If you don’t think so—think again. Really, their goal isn’t to make you guilty—it’s to prevent your pain in the future (improving health). Even if you missed a couple days of flossing, they’re here to help you move forward rather than make you feel horrible. 

Myth #5: Sugar is the only thing that causes cavities. 

While sugar is guilty in the crime, it’s not acting alone. A few factors can play a role: acid drinks, constant snacking—and the worst one of them all—genetics. Everything is preventable though; just don’t constantly expose your teeth, and clean them extra well afterwards. 

TLDR;

Most of the scary stories about dentists turn out to be just myths. After spending 8 hours shadowing one, I can tell you they care more about making you comfortable and keeping your smile healthy than anything else.

A brush and floss a day keeps cavities away—but not your dentists. 

Exploring Dera in ‘Run Like A Girl’: An Interview with Amaka Egbe

Areej C
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0
Exploring Dera in ‘Run Like A Girl’: An Interview with Amaka Egbe

Before reading this book, be sure to read the review of ‘Run Like A Girl’ to understand the novel’s story, and then return to read this Q&A! 

Run Like A Girl by Amaka Egbe– A YA Debut

We were afforded the opportunity to interview Amaka Egbe, author of ‘Run Like A Girl’, a YA coming-of-age novel about a young girl navigating identity, family, and the expectations of those around her when she is brought to live with her estranged father away from her old life.

For Amaka, writing Dera, the protagonist, came naturally. She had been developing the character for years, and shaping the story becomes less about creating challenges and more about showing how Dera responds to them. As she explains, “It wasn’t always fun to write the challenges she went through, but it was interesting to see how she responded to pressure based on how I grew to see her.” This focus on character growth sets the stage for much of the protagonist’s story.

Central to Dera’s story is her community. Amaka emphasizes how important it is for readers to see the support systems that surround her and allow her to flourish. “It’s so important to have a community of people who have your back… especially for young readers who may be navigating some real challenges in their lives,” she says. Through friends, family, and teammates, Dera finds guidance and encouragement from this support network, and we as readers watch the positive impact it has on her.

Representation is another key theme in this novel. Amaka wants to show that Black girls do not fit into a single mold and that their stories are diverse and complex. She reflects, “I want people to see that there are different types of Black girls out there with different types of stories… I want to create stories that fully flesh out the Black experience, whatever that looks like for a particular character during a particular time.” This approach allows the book to challenge stereotypes and create literature for young Black girls that doesn’t conform to cookie-cutter representations in the media, while allowing them to explore the wide array of character types and dynamics within the novel.

Even the ending of Dera is thoughtfully considered. Amaka writes about how she experiments with different possibilities, weighing Dera’s goals in sports, friendships, and family relationships. “Ultimately, the ending that makes it into the book balances a lot of her motivations without sacrificing other ones,” she says, finalizing an ending that feels true to Dera’s character.

Throughout the book, Dera’s friendship with Rosalyn, the school journalist, adds another interesting and unique layer to the plot. Through this relationship, Amaka explores how teens navigate identity and control the narratives others try to impose on them. “Rosalyn really helps Dera understand herself and the different ways she can take the narrative people are trying to write for her and make it into something that represents who she is,” Amaka explains. It is a reflection of how young people today negotiate their identities in a world where social media often amplifies outside expectations.

Lastly, the question of Dera’s relationship with her father highlights the importance of portraying their rocky road to understanding. The author speaks to how Dera’s relationship with her father emphasizes reconciliation rather than blame. Amaka wants to show that cultural differences and misunderstandings often create tension in immigrant families, but that change is possible. “I want the story of Dera and her father to be a redemptive one… a change in perspective and willingness to make amends with your child can go a long way in rectifying the relationship,” she says.

Through Run Like A Girl and Dera’s character, Amaka Egbe presents an incredibly well-developed story that blends self-discovery, community, and family in a way that feels grounded and real. This Q&A makes clear the care she puts into every character and how deeply she hopes readers connect with the story and the experiences it portrays.

Thank you to the author, Amaka Egbe, for allowing me to ask these questions to get a better insight into the process and thoughts throughout the crafting of ‘Run Like A Girl’!

Volunteering as a Teen: What Adults Don’t Realize

Elizabeth A
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0
Volunteering as a Teen: What Adults Don’t Realize

When adults think of teen volunteers, they often picture us as eager but inexperienced helpers, showing up for school credit or to pad our resumes. But there’s a lot more going on beneath the surface. Volunteering as a teen isn’t just a box to check—it’s a transformative experience that shapes how we see ourselves, our communities, and the world.

💬 We’re Learning More Than Just “Soft Skills”

Yes, we’re picking up teamwork, communication, and time management. But we’re also learning:

  • How to advocate for causes we care about
  • How to navigate real-world challenges with empathy
  • How to lead, even when we’re not in charge

These lessons don’t come from textbooks—they come from showing up, listening, and doing the work.

🧠 We Think Critically About the Systems We’re Helping

Teen volunteers often notice things adults overlook. We ask:

  • Why are some communities underserved?
  • Why do some programs rely so heavily on unpaid labor?
  • What can we do beyond volunteering to create lasting change?

We’re not just participating—we’re questioning, reflecting, and pushing for better.

❤️ We Build Genuine Connections

Whether it’s bonding with seniors at a care home or mentoring younger kids, we form relationships that matter. These aren’t transactional—they’re deeply human. And they often leave a lasting impact on both sides.

🚫 We Face Challenges Adults Don’t Always See

From juggling school and part-time jobs to dealing with transportation issues or feeling underestimated, teen volunteers often overcome more than people realize. Yet we still show up—because we care.

🌱 We’re Not the Future. We’re the Present.

Adults often say, “You’re the leaders of tomorrow.” But we’re leading now. We’re organizing fundraisers, running social media campaigns, and speaking at city council meetings. We’re not waiting for permission—we’re already making waves.

So, what should adults realize? That teen volunteers aren’t just helping out—we’re reshaping what it means to serve. We bring fresh energy, bold ideas, and a deep desire to make things better. And when adults truly listen and support us, the impact multiplies. ¹ ²

How the Universe Is Much Bigger Than We Think

Sabarish M
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0
How the Universe Is Much Bigger Than We Think

Ever since the Cold War, rapid developments in the field of space exploration have been made. There have been numerous space missions to various destinations in outer space, such as the Moon, Mars, the Asteroid belts and even some outside our solar system. As of now, the farthest man-made object is the Voyager 1 spacecraft, launched in 1977, which is 25 billion kilometres from Earth. It is the first spacecraft to leave our solar system and travel in the vast area of interstellar space. And still it will take a whopping 4.5 billion years for the spacecraft to even exit the Milky Way Galaxy, showing the enormous scale of our galaxy, which is still a tiny part of the universe.

How big is the observable universe that is known to humanity?

It is said that the observable universe consists of about 2 trillion galaxies, each consisting of about 100 to 400 billion stars, which are orbited by at least 2 planets. A solar system is a star and every object bound to it by gravity. Our solar system consists of 8 planets and numerous other asteroids, dwarf planets, comets and other objects orbiting the sun. Did you know that even our solar system as a whole is constantly in motion, orbiting around the center of our galaxy?

The diameter of our solar system is about 2 light-years, which is just a tiny fraction of the Milky Way galaxy. One light year is the distance it takes for light to travel one year. To put things in perspective, light travels at a speed of about 300,000,000 m/s. The Milky Way is about 105,000 light-years in diameter. Outside our galaxy is the vast emptiness of space, filled with galaxies separated by unimaginable distances. The Andromeda galaxy, our nearest galaxy, is 2.5 million light-years away from the Milky Way.

The observable universe known to humanity spans a mind-boggling distance of about 93 billion light-years in diameter. And still, the true size of the universe as a whole is unknown, as our current technology only allows us to see till the distance of the observable universe. Some suggest that the universe can be infinitely large and constantly expanding, in which the observable universe is a tiny speck.

The likelihood of life on other planets

Many scientists believe there is a high chance of life outside Earth, given the universe’s massive scale and how there is an abundance of Earth-like planets containing essential resources like water. Firstly, let’s take a look at what makes Earth habitable. Earth has an abundance of liquid water, a thick atmosphere which protects us from harsh radiation, a suitable temperature for life and many more factors which are supported by its ideal location in the “Goldilocks Zone”. The Goldilocks zone is a term referring to the area around the sun in which temperatures are suitable for liquid water, which is essential for life. As of now, scientists believe we have identified around 50 Earth-like planets within our galaxy in other solar systems. With more and more technological advancements, scientists are constantly discovering new exoplanets and researching whether they contain life.

Seeing the massive scale of the universe and our tiny “pale blue dot”, as said by Carl Sagan, we must appreciate and take care of our only known home as of now, Earth, at all costs. As humans, we have harmed the planet in many different ways. From now on, let us give back by reusing, recycling and becoming eco-friendly.

Sources: 1, 2

Top 7 Apps for Students

Jeanne Y
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1
Top 7 Apps for Students

As students, we juggle school on top of extracurriculars, sports, volunteering, and family commitments. While this list of apps will in no way replace the effort required to keep up with everything, in my personal experience I’ve found that they can certainly help quite a bit.

1. Notion

If you’ve read any of my Advice blogs before, you’ll know that I’m the biggest fan of Notion. I discovered the platform through a close friend, and though the learning curve felt daunting at first I eventually figured my way through it. And it’s amazing.

Notion is an organization and productivity platform. It’s vague because of the variety of tasks you can complete using the platform, but that’s the charm. Notion handles all needs, from simple tasks like to-do lists to complex platforms like web design. There’s also space to code what you’d like to have displayed, which makes the platform even more customizable.

Because of how customizable it is, it takes a while to learn; however, it truly is such a powerful tool if you know how to use it. If you’re just getting started, here’s a helpful video you can watch to get yourself started.

2. Whering

We’d all like to look put together, and most of us have spent far too long finding something to wear despite having an overflowing closet. Regardless of the size of your wardrobe, Whering is a must for students with early mornings or those of us who like to sleep in until the very last minute.

Whering is an outfit planner app. You can log your clothing into the app by taking photos of your clothes, and you can make outfits by putting the clothing together. The app also categorizes your clothing a dozen different ways – including season, event type, and color –  so that when an occasion arises where you’re not quite sure what to wear, you can find something in your wardrobe instead of buying new clothing. In the morning when you’re scrambling to find something that matches, your premade outfits will be ready to go in Whering and all you need to do is find the pieces.

In a pinch, the app has truly been a lifesaver. You’d be surprised how many pieces of clothing you have, and how many different ways they can be worn! It saves money, time, and brain cells.

3. Google Calendar

As someone who has to make plans a month ahead of time because of commitments outside of school, Google Calendar has been my metaphorical lifeline. Deadlines, time blocking, tasks — all of it takes place in my google calendar. Google Calendar is my life, and my life is Google Calendar.

I used to write everything by hand into a student planner, and while it was more aesthetically pleasing it was also difficult when I couldn’t find the planner or when I had to note an event down quickly and didn’t have a pen on me. It’s so much more convenient to have Google Calendar on your phone. Trust me.

4. Forest/Focus Plant

I’ve heard a lot of wonderful reviews about Forest. It’s a focus app where you grow trees when you set down your phone and focus on the task at hand. That having been said, it’s often a paid version on different devices.

Since I’m a student on a budget, I also found an alternative: focus plant. This app rewards you for putting your phone down with raindrops. You can use these raindrops to water your plants, and when your plants grow they give you different rewards.

This is helpful for breaking pickup habits during study or focus time. Especially for those of us who feel the need to have Subway Surfers playing in the background of EVERYTHING, getting a focus app can be really helpful.

5. Anki

Again, if you’ve read any of my study posts before, you’ve probably seen Anki somewhere on there. But it truly is such a lifesaver; spaced repetition, especially when you have a large volume of memorization, can save you from hours and hours of seemingly meaningless cue card flipping.

Also, unlike its competitor Quizlet, the desktop version is completely free and doesn’t come with ads. You can use it offline, create cloze deletions, and create image occlusions, making it a wonderful tool for memorizing anatomy or parts of diagrams. That having been said, its user interface is not as pretty as Quizlet.

The mobile version, at least on iOS, is paid. It’s also quite expensive (almost $40!!!). However, I personally think that this app is the best $40 I’ve ever spent; it makes studying on transit, in the car, and during transition time just that much easier and efficient. I really, really love Anki and encourage you to invest in it if you like flashcards.

6. LinkedIn and Indeed

… because working as a student is hard. Keep an eye out for summer jobs, resume building tips, and different employers. Not much more needs to be said, does it?

Stay tuned for a possible LinkedIn tutorial post later on.

7. Pinterest

I spend far too much time scrolling, and I’m certainly not the only one. However, Pinterest makes better use of this scrolling; it’s literally a platform for you to save ideas that are useful. You can organize these ideas into folders and boards to find them easily later, and Pinterest is easy to put down (unlike the constant dopamine hits from TikTok and Instagram Reels).

What you save is entirely up to you, and Pinterest provides a plethora of ideas for most aspects of life.

TL;DR

The top 7 apps for students to use are:

  1. Notion
  2. Whering
  3. Google Calendar
  4. Forest/Focus
  5. Anki
  6. LinkedIn/Indeed
  7. Pinterest
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