Saturday, January 18, 2025
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YOUTH ARE AWESOME

Youth Are Awesome, commonly referred to as YAA, is a blog written by youth for youth. YAA provides the youth of Calgary a place to amplify their voices and perspectives on what is happening around them. Youth Are Awesome is a program of Youth Central.

Any views or opinions expressed on this blog belong solely to the author and do not represent those of people or organizations that the blog may be associated with, unless explicitly stated. All content is for informational purposes only.

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Justin Trudeau Resigns: A New Chapter for Canada’s Liberal Party

Elizabeth Aluko
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Justin Trudeau Resigns: A New Chapter for Canada’s Liberal Party

In a surprising turn of events, Justin Trudeau has announced his resignation as the leader of the Liberal Party and as Prime Minister of Canada. This decision comes after months of internal pressure and declining popularity. Trudeau, who has led Canadian politics since 2015, cited internal battles and the need for a “real choice” in the next election as reasons for his resignation.

Achievements and Controversies

Trudeau’s time has seen significant achievements and controversies. Under his leadership, Canada has implemented progressive policies such as the legalization of cannabis, the introduction of a carbon tax, and the advancement of LGBTQ+ rights. However, during his time in office, he also faced scandals, including the SNC-Lavalin affair and the WE Charity controversy.

Leadership Contest

The Liberal Party will now embark on a leadership contest to select Trudeau’s successor. This process is expected to be highly competitive, with several prominent figures within the party likely to vie for the top position. In the meantime, Trudeau will remain in office until a new leader is chosen, ensuring a smooth transition of power.

Parliament Prorogued

Parliament has been prorogued until March 24 to allow time for the leadership contest. This period will be crucial for the Liberal Party as it seeks to regroup and prepare for the next federal election. The outcome of this leadership race will undoubtedly shape the future direction of the party and its policies.

End of an Era

Trudeau’s resignation marks the end of an era in Canadian politics. His leadership has left an indelible mark on the country, and his departure opens the door for new voices and perspectives within the Liberal Party. As Canada looks ahead to the next chapter, the political landscape is set for significant change.

Challenges Ahead

Trudeau’s decision to step down comes at a time when the Liberal Party is facing numerous challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic has put immense pressure on the government, and the economic recovery has been slower than anticipated. Additionally, the party has been grappling with internal divisions and a growing sense of disillusionment among its supporters.

Critical Moment

The leadership contest will be a critical moment for the Liberal Party. Potential candidates will need to address these challenges and present a vision for the future that resonates with both party members and the broader electorate. The new leader will also need to rebuild trust and unity within the party, which will be essential for its success in the next election.

Trudeau’s Legacy

As Trudeau prepares to leave office, he can look back on a tenure that has been both transformative and tumultuous. His legacy will be defined by his efforts to modernize Canada and promote social justice and the controversies that have overshadowed his achievements. Regardless of one’s opinion on his leadership, there is no denying that Trudeau has been a significant figure in Canadian politics.

Reflection and Renewal

The coming months will be a period of reflection and renewal for the Liberal Party. The leadership contest will allow the party to reassess its priorities and chart a new course for the future. It will also be a chance for the party to reconnect with its base and regain the trust of the Canadian people.

Justin Trudeau’s resignation marks a pivotal moment in Canadian politics. His departure opens the door for new leadership and fresh perspectives within the Liberal Party. As the party prepares for the next election, it must address its challenges and present a compelling vision for the future. The outcome of the leadership contest will shape the direction of the party and the country for years to come. ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶

 

January Mental Health Tips from the Mayor’s Youth Council

Mayor's Youth Council
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January Mental Health Tips from the Mayor’s Youth Council

Introducing the Mayor’s Youth Council Health and Well-Being Column! Each month, we’ll share fun, relevant, easy-to-follow mental health tips through the Youth Central newsletter, giving you the tools and support to prioritize your well-being with new topics and advice every month!

person with book over their face while reading in a hallway
Photo by Teslariu Mihai on Unsplash

Your Guide for the 2025 Exam Season!

Wait.. What Even is Exam Stress?

Exam stress is a 100% natural response to the pressure students feel, especially during this time of year. 

Many students feel the weight of expectations, whether from family, teachers, or themselves, to perform at a certain level. 

It is crucial to accept and realize that it’s more than okay to not excel at everything you do. Success is not defined by one test, and failure in one area does not diminish any of your past achievements.  

It’s important to recognize that stress isn’t inherently bad (although it often feels so)—it can actually be a tool for growth if approached with the right mindset. Instead of seeing stress as something to fear or avoid, try reframing it as a sign that you care about your success and are pushing yourself to improve. 

This can come from distinguishing between eustress, which is the motivating kind of stress, and distress, which can feel overwhelming, can help you understand your emotions and take steps to manage them effectively.

Find a Technique That Helps YOU! Study Techniques

Finding study techniques that work for you is an essential part of preparing for exams. Give these a shot!

  1. Active recall, which involves testing yourself by writing down everything you know about a topic without using your notes. Afterward, you can review the material to fill in any gaps. This process not only strengthens your memory but also highlights areas that need more attention. 
  2. Mind mapping, which allows you to visualize connections between ideas using colors, drawings, and patterns. Draw out concepts, explain them to yourself and connect topics with color coding, lines, the possibilities are endless! This technique allows association of concepts, making it easier to retain and recall information. 

It’s important to remember that there is no “right” way to study. Learning is a personal process, and what works for one person may not work for another. The key is to experiment with different approaches until you find what helps you feel prepared and confident.

So What Do I Do Now? Tips to Manage Stress

Recognizing your stress is the first and most important step in managing it. Stress often stems from feeling out of control, so take time to identify which factors you can influence and which you cannot. 

For example, you can control how much time you dedicate to studying and the techniques you use, but you can’t control the content of the exam or how it will be graded. Here are some tips to manage this stress! 

  1. Making a list of these controllable and uncontrollable factors can help you focus your energy where it matters most, rather than worrying about things that are beyond your influence. Remind yourself that the effort you put in will reflect in your results, and stressing over the unknown will only distract you from what you can achieve.
  1. Writing down your thoughts without worrying about spelling, grammar, or structure can help you process your feelings and pinpoint the exact source of your stress. Are you feeling pressure because of grades, family expectations, or university plans? Writing your thoughts could help find the root cause

There is ALWAYS Time to Prioritize Yourself! 

To manage your stress, your number one priority should not be your exam, even though we attempt to divert all our energies to it, it should be YOU. Remember that your wellbeing plays a role in your exams. Your wellbeing can be improved with simple habits to be incorporated into your exams schedule, there is always time, you just have to make it! 

  • Sleep

The most overlooked and neglected aspect of a student’s lifestyle, sleep. It is also the most given advice, but it’s for a reason. If you want that grade, but fail to sleep, it makes it almost impossible for your brain to fully focus or consolidate your memories without its 7-9 hours of rest. If this is somehow completely impossible, napping is your best friend. Take a nap, whether 15 minutes or an hour, the more rest incorporated into your routine, the higher your chances at success. 

  • Disconnect Yourself 

During January, many of us find ourselves cooped up in school or home tirelessly working through study sessions and exam prep, and when not we occupy ourselves with our devices. While this focus on studying is commendable and important, it is just as essential to step away from your desk and spend time disconnected from both studying and devices. Although at this time of year, going outside can be challenging, attempting to spend 5-10 minutes, either going on a walk to a coffee shop for a snack, or even using transit to study at the library. These breaks serve as a mental reset, even the smallest change in scenery can change your outlook and get you ready to refocus!

Final Wishes To Everyone!

Exam season can be challenging, but it’s also an opportunity to develop resilience and discipline. 

Stress doesn’t have to be an obstacle, it can be a motivator if you learn to manage it effectively. With the right study techniques, a focus on what you can control, you can approach exams with confidence and a sense of preparedness. 

Be patient with yourself and trust the effort you’ve put in. Good luck this month, be kind to yourselves! 

 

Laufey’s Musical Revolution: How She’s Bringing Jazz Back for GenZ

Suha A
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Laufey’s Musical Revolution: How She’s Bringing Jazz Back for GenZ

 

Laufey (pronounced “Lay-vay”) is a 25-year-old Icelandic-Chinese jazz pop artist who has been gaining traction in recent years.

Her classical-inspired sound mixed with jazzy chords has won over the hearts of many Generation Z teenagers and adults alike. She has made one of the most popular jazz debuts in recent times, with notable tracks like ‘From The Start’ and ‘Promise’ on her top-tier discography. This artist’s magical music has brought back a genre that was first popularized over 100 years ago.

For those wondering how she became popular, what her story is, and why everyone has been smitten with her music lately, here’s the 411!

Laufey’s Rise to Fame

Laufey grew up in a household filled with music, with her grandparents and her mother being musicians themselves. She was exposed to classical music as a child, and branched out into jazz through her father. Laufey and her twin sister, Junia, both began to play instruments such as the piano, cello, and violin from a young age.Laufey began to play the cello at just 8 years old

She was performing with the Iceland Symphony Orchestra at the young age of 15, charming the audience with her cello solos. She finished in 2nd place on Iceland’s Got Talent. 

The singer studied music and singing at the Reykjavik College of Music, and then at the Berklee College of Music. Berklee closed their campus due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and it was during this dark time that Laufey released her first song. ‘Street by Street’ rose higher and higher on Icelandic music charts, marking the beginning of the upwards trajectory in her career. Her smoky voice paired with lyrics about heartbreak went viral.

With the release of her album ‘Bewitched’, she was given the title of the biggest jazz debut on Spotify. Today, Laufey’s albums have billions of streams and even a Grammy nomination! She has collaborated with the London Philharmonic Orchestra and continues to amass more fans with her melodious voice.

Why GenZ Are Falling In Love With Her– And Rightfully So

Laufey’s music has a tendency to get stuck in your head. Her versatile tracks range from catchy jazz pop tunes to heartfelt ballads, exploring themes like love, longing, and friendship. The singer’s unique voice paired with jazzy melodies and classical-inspired instrumentals are pleasing to the ears of many GenZ.

Along with this, the raw relatability in her lyrics in draws in many youth. Songs like ‘Letter To My 13 Year Old Self’ depict the musician reassuring her younger self. She sings about what she went through as a teenager and encourages her 13-year-old self to keep pursuing her dreams.

Her aesthetics and the emotion in each of her songs appeal to her younger audiences. The young musician’s albums paint pictures of romance and young adulthood, with magical undertones.

“while she’s still mining the vein of young love, her lyrics have a knowing, wry wisdom to them, as when she sings, “It hurts to be something / It’s worse to be nothing with you.” Bottom line is, everything Laufey touches bears the thumbprint of authenticity, which is exceedingly rare to find. A true gift. ” – Cheston knapp, berklee college of music

Additionally, Laufey’s sound is refreshing in a generation focused hip-hop, rap, and other fast-paced music. People know Generation Z for their unexpected love for music and fashion from the past, meaning they like anything that makes them feel nostalgic!

Classical composers like Chopin influence this artist’s modern jazz tunes, which cater to the interests of the recent generation. As a result, her music successfully introduces youth to jazz, despite the fact that many dislike the genre for being ‘outdated’.

An Icon For Upcoming Modern Jazz Artists

Laufey’s easily-approachable music is introducing many youth all over the world to the wonders of jazz. Her success allows for the genre to be revived in this century, with her songs allowing for modern jazz-pop music to gain traction.

Jazz music began its dominance in the early 1920s, but began to lose popularity 40 years later in the 1960s. Due to modern jazz artists like Laufey, musicians are predicting the genre to reappear in trends.

Laufey’s goal is to make jazz music ‘cool’ again (her words, not mine). Taking a look at the billions of streams she has on Spotify and the multitudinous amount of fans she has gained, she’s doing a great job so far! Fans are excited to be a part of her journey, and are predicting her popularity to only rise from here.

My personal favourites from her include “Let You Break My Heart Again”, “While You Were Sleeping”, “Valentine”, and “Bewitched.” For those who enjoy melodious, whimsical, and nostalgic music, Laufey is the artist for you!

Sources: 1, 2, 3, 4

The Ultimate University Guide: How to navigate life at UBC Vancouver and U of Calgary

Jianna H
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The Ultimate University Guide: How to navigate life at UBC Vancouver and U of Calgary

As the end of Grade 11 fastly approaches for me, I’ve found myself daydreaming about the future and wondering what awaits me and my peers as we embark on our journeys, whether it’s gaining further education by staying in the province or venturing across the country to study our passions, or even taking a gap year exploring the world. To gain some insight, I asked my sister and her friends, who attend the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, and the University of Calgary, some burning questions that have been on my mind.

There’s an abundance of information online on advice for applications, how to pick the right classes and time management, but I wanted to find out the real hard truths and questions that every new-coming freshman has tossed and turned about like: “What’s the best place for a late-night snack?” or “Do I really need to buy that $300 mini-fridge?”

Read on to find out what these four university students have to say about their campus lives, from pulling all-nighters to parties and crazy campus traditions

Mitsna H.

Mitsna is a third-year Applied Biology major from Calgary who specializes in Animal Biology and has a passion for the arts.

Did you have any regrets about deciding to go to a university in
another province?

Yes and No, in my first and second year I was really down thinking
about how much money I would be saving if I had stayed in Calgary. I
felt a lot of guilt. Still, after I got into my third year, I started
to realize the opportunities and experiences I am having in a
different province are irreplaceable and a privilege I get to have. I
have met so many diverse people at one of Canada’s most diverse
campuses and learned how to network.

What is your favourite tradition on campus?

The tradition of defacing the giant Engineering cement block every
week is hilarious but also a great way to publicly display critical
current events that people want to bring awareness to. It has not only
been a way to annoy the engineers but also has been a way for
students’ voices to be heard.

Day of the longboat is a UBC tradition where teams race across Jericho Beach
Mitsna and her roommate Halia celebrated the end of their first year by making a mega bed!
Partying all night at campus concerts.

Andrew A.

Andrew is originally from Calgary but is now studying Computer Science at UBC for his third year. In his spare time, he enjoys playing the guitar and attending hackathons.

In your first year, how did you manage your time for academics and enjoyment?

I didn’t manage it well, to be honest. It’s still a work in progress, but I’m slowly learning how to have a work hard, play hard mindset. One important thing I’m learning is how to prioritize – both with school and with enjoyment. For school, you want to always be doing the most important thing (you’ll sometimes find you want to do less important things that you’re more comfortable with). For enjoyment, you want to evaluate what activities are worth your time and which aren’t – sometimes, saying screw it, we ball and going off on a spontaneous adventure might lead to a core memory!

Which item did you wish you had brought with you the first year?

I wish I’d brought my guitar with me in my second or first year, but it’s really hard to carry on a plane. It’s possible, but it’s a headache, and you have to risk damaging it. So if you’re gonna bring an acoustic, do it by car if you can because it’s really fun to have for hanging out with friends!

The long trek to Wreck Beach, right on the UBC campus
Another unique UBC experience where competitors must run, swim and bike to a massive wall and help boost their teammates up to the finish line.
Celebrating special occasions with friends

Naima N.

Naima is a third-year student at the University of Calgary doing a sociology degree with honours as well as a data science minor. Aside from school, she enjoys crafting, reading and going out to eat with friends.

In your first year, how did you manage your time for academics and enjoyment?

First year is a fun time as there are a lot of new things to learn in a short amount of time. Not only are you suddenly in university-level classes, you also meet new people in every class you have, and may be required to work with these people through a group project.

What is your favourite spot on campus?

My favourite spot on campus is the law library for studying and finding random empty classrooms to hang out with my friends (taking advantage of the screens to play movies)

Hanging out with friends to study
U of C’s dino mascot on campus!
One of U of C’s amazing libraries

Conclusion

While nothing is set in stone yet for the future, it’s good to know that there are fun and exhilarating times awaiting all of us, and the uni life is not just finals and stress but also lifelong memories. When you’re making the big decision on where to go to study, don’t forget to take into account your own enjoyment as well as academics.

Thank you to everyone who helped contribute to this blog!

Recognizing, Dealing with, and Preventing Study Burnout:

Hafsah A
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Recognizing, Dealing with, and Preventing Study Burnout:

With exam season dawning on high school students, it is extremely important to prioritize one’s health to excel during this season. 

The first step in addressing academic burnout is recognizing and acknowledging the issue, followed by a strong commitment to changing your current habits. With effort, you can overcome burnout and take steps to prevent it from recurring.

What is academic burnout? 

Academic burnout is the response to prolonged studying-negative emotive, physical, and mental-that subsequently includes exhaustion, frustration, lack of motivation, and reduced performance. It is the result of months of continuous study or years of schoolwork and not as a result of occasional frustration or one-time exhaustion after long study sessions.

Symptoms: 

  • Exhaustion despite adequate sleep
  • Lack of motivation for classes or assignments
  • Increased irritability and frustration
  • Loss of creativity and inspiration
  • Decreased confidence in academic abilities
  • Difficulty meeting deadlines
  • Physical tension, like headaches or sore muscles
  • Frequent illness due to stress
  • Unhealthy habits (overeating, staying up late, etc.)
  • Trouble concentrating on schoolwork
  • Loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities
  • Feelings of anxiety or depression

How to recover from academic burnout: 

  1. Set Boundaries for Study Time: Limit study sessions to shorter, focused blocks with regular breaks to avoid overexertion. 
  2. Incorporate Relaxation Practices: Try mindfulness exercises, such as deep breathing or meditation, to reduce stress and regain focus. 
  3. Reconnect with Enjoyable Activities: Spend time on hobbies or activities that bring you joy to recharge your mental and emotional energy. 

How to prevent academic burnout:

 

  • Exercise Regularly: Physical activity helps maintain both physical and mental health, reducing stress. 
  • Spend Time Outdoors: Nature has proven benefits for reducing stress and improving focus. 
  • Avoid Procrastination: Tackling tasks on time prevents stress from building up and avoids last-minute pressure.

 

  • Improve Time Management: Being organized and managing your time effectively helps reduce stress and ensures deadlines are met.

sources: 1

The 5 Best Tips for Grade 10 Students

Jeanne Y
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The 5 Best Tips for Grade 10 Students

I’m currently halfway through semester two of Grade 11, and there’s a number of things I did in my Grade 10 year that I found immensely helpful. Without them, I probably would be totally overwhelmed and lack direction in my high school career. So if you’re entering the second semester of Grade 10, or even just entering Grade 10 this September, you’ll want to read this post.

Not enough time? Spoiler alert: there’s a little TL;DR at the bottom of each of my blog posts.

Without further ado, here are the top 5 tips for Grade 10 students.

1. Keep Your Grades Up

Many people will tell you that Grade 10 grades don’t matter since most universities don’t take them into account. While it’s true that many universities don’t look at these grades, it’s also true that Grade 10 is the only year where you’ll have the most time and the easiest courses. Slacking off now means that you are missing out on the opportunity to learn good study habits, which are incredibly important for Grade 11 and Grade 12.

Furthermore, while universities don’t really look at Grade 10 and Grade 11 grades, many scholarships, such as the Alex Rutherford and the Schulich Leaders Award, are awarded soley based on academic achievement and work ethic. Other extracurriculars, such as high school internships, also require overall academic excellency.

If you keep your grades up high, you’ll also make a good impression on the teachers. This is especially important if there’s a chance you’ll have them again in Grade 11 or 12. Many prestigious universities and internships require teacher references, and you definitely want a reference from a teacher who knows you have a solid work ethic.

That having been said, high school is huge adjustment from junior high. If your grades aren’t perfect immediately, that’s okay. Give yourself some leniency, and aim for improvement!

2. Make Your Own Course Decisions

Going into high school, everyone told me to seek out my guidance counselor if I had any questions. But while Student Guidance Resources can be very useful, there are also times where it’s completely useless. I found it wasn’t as helpful as I expected, and I really wish someone had told me about the importance of making my own decisions in my high school career.

Make a 3 Year Plan

This was probably the most helpful thing that my guidance resources gave me. Not only does a 3 year plan ensure that you will graduate on time, but it also helps as a preventative stress measure. High school throws you in the deep end when it comes to courses; you have to make all course requests yourself, find and email help for your schedule, and manage what your time in school will look like. Scheduled days with set classes are gone; it’s up to you to stay responsible for yourself.

Your plan will change, probably. But it is still better to have one than find yourself at the end of Grade 12 and not have all the courses that you need to apply for the post-secondary program you want.

Take Online Summer Courses

I cannot possibly emphasize how important this is. You need your summer courses, especially if you’re taking accelerated courses (like Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate) because they will help you so, so, so much.

The most important reason to do this is to make time for extra courses, or to get a spare in your future. Grade 11 and Grade 12 are both so stressful. Grade 11 because this is when you get the grades you need for Early Admissions (and probably have the heaviest courseload), and Grade 12 because this is when you do the Early Admissions applications and the scholarship applications. Make life a teensy bit easier for yourself in the future and take summer courses.

Best courses to take during the summer:

  • Career and Life Management (CALM)
    • Literally everyone I know took this course online. It takes an obnoxiously long term if you take it in-person during a regular semester, so this is a huge save on time. There’s almost no reason not to.
  • Social 20-1
    • If you’re interested in taking multiple sciences or going into STEM, I would strongly recommend taking this online. It’s a heavy course and it’s also the most interesting Social Studies course in my opinion, but it’s great to take this online because it saves so much time.
    • In my opinion, the course is easier online than in-person. As someone who took this one online and has friends who didn’t, I think my friends are struggling with the course far more than I did in the summer.
  • Math 20-1
    • If you have no interest in taking Math to a more advanced level but you’re fairly decent at it, you might want to consider this one because it saves a lot of time.
    • However, I wouldn’t recommend doing this for people planning to take Math 30 or Calculus, because Math 20 does establish a lot of basic knowledge that you should master if you want to go further into math.

Take Winter Semester Courses Online

This is another great opportunity to save time. However I’d only really recommend taking a lighter course like CALM or an option course during a regular semester, because it can be too much to take a heavy course on top of a full courseload.

3. Explore Career Directions

Keep an eye out for those posters on the bulletin boards that advertise events like exploration days, career fairs, and university open houses. Also, keep an eye out for contests and competitions. It seems early to think about career direction now, but it’s really not. You likely won’t have time to attend these things in Grade 11 and Grade 12, so it’s best to do it now.

Some of the events I went to in Grade 10 include:

  • Calgary Youth Science Fair (won silver and a municipal level award)
  • Women in Engineering Day at the University of Calgary
  • Exploring Health Science Day at the University of Calgary
  • Calgary APEGA Science Olympics (won gold)

This is a great opportunity to explore different career paths if you’re unsure about what you want to pursue when you’ve graduated. Again, it sounds early, but it really isn’t.

4. Explore Extracurriculars

Find some things that you’re interested in outside of school. If you know what you want to do, this is a great way to expand your resume. If you don’t know what you want to do, this can be a great way to explore and possibly find your passion.

You’ll have the most time in Grade 10, so this is the prime time to explore interests. What better way to do that than through extracurriculars? You really don’t have anything to lose.

Personally, I wasn’t too sure of what I wanted to pursue when I entered high school, so I tried to keep all of my extracurriculars broad both before and after entering Grade 10. Some things I quit right away, and some things I stuck with. Here’s a list of almost everything I gave a shot, and what I learned from it.

My Personal List of Attempts

  • School Choir (quit after 1 day)
    • I don’t like singing in big groups, and I really don’t like choral music.
  • School Swim team (still participating! Second year in now)
    • Morning practices really, really suck. Smelling like chlorine is not fun. But endorphins before school is wonderful.
  • School band (quit after 2 years)
    • Grades matter too much to me for my grade to be dependent on a skill that takes so much time to hone.
  • STEM Club (still participating!)
    • I’m interested in STEM, and it’s cool to meet like-minded people.
  • Debate Club (quit after 1 year)
    • You can get really good at public speaking, and it won’t get any less scary.
  • Robotics Club (quit after 6 months)
    • I’m not interested in robotics.
  • Citywide Science Fair (still participating! 3rd year now.)
    • I really like doing genetics-related biology and microbiology.
  • Volunteering with Youth Central and YVC (still participating! Almost two years now, and almost 400 volunteer hours)
    • I love cooking, operating giant commercial dishwashers, and community service.
  • Aerial Silks (quit after 3 months)
    • Dance is not for me.
  • Psychology (1 year, plan on going for two!)
    • I really like psychology. The human brain is fascinating to me.

The bottom line:

At the end of the day, you’ll never know what you’re interested in if you don’t take a gamble and try it. You might look like an idiot, and you might make a fool of yourself. You also might find an unexpected passion that you have. School provides you with so many opportunities and clubs that you can try, so I say try them all. You really don’t have to commit – just go and have fun and see if you can find something you’re really interested in.

5. Make Good Friends… and Good Choices

Okay, I get it. Everyone says that the right friend group is important. And while high school isn’t what it seems like in the movies, it’s true that there are certain friend groups with different labels in the school. You will emulate the personalities and traits of those around you.

If you want to get good grades, try to befriend people who study regularly. If you are super enthusiastic about sports, find others who play. If you’re interested in art, do your best to meet other artists. Find people with similar interests and similar goals; they’ll help you achieve your own through group momentum.

That being said, you should also genuinely like the people you are friends with. Don’t avoid people simply because they’re too different from you, and don’t befriend someone for the sole benefit of using them to get what you want. But try to find people who match your energy, or what you’d like your energy to be.

Worst case scenario? Stay alone. As someone who has been friends with people they don’t like and had no friends at all at some point, I can say with confidence that it’s better to be lonely than to be miserable. Plus, there’s plenty of things to do in high school that will keep you very, very busy.

At the end of the day, they say you can judge a person by their 3 closest friends. So choose your friends wisely.

TL;DR

Here’s how to set yourself up for success in Grade 10:

  1. Keep your grades up.
  2. Make your own course choices and don’t solely rely on guidance/student support.
    • Summer courses are great.
    • Online semester courses are great.
    • You NEED a 3 Year Plan.
  3. Explore career fairs.
  4. Explore extracurriculars.
  5. Make good friends… and good choices.

Good luck, have fun, and do your best!

The Calgary Zoo

Hanrong
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The Calgary Zoo

Showing Appreciation for the Zoo

A few years ago, when I visited the Calgary Zoo for the first time, I was amazed by the giant exhibitions and the unique animals that live within them. I still remember vividly about seeing the penguins; some of them small and others quite large. Also, I remember a funny scene of a hippo enjoying a watermelon! From monkeys, insects, to reptiles, the Calgary Zoo is truly a fantastic place to discover more about wildlife.

The Zoo

The Calgary Zoo is located right next to the Bow River, along Memorial Drive NE in Calgary. In it, we can discover several sections: “Wild Canada” which hosts many animals native to Canada, such as the Black Bear and Great grey owl. We also see “Destination Africa”, “Dorothy Harvie Gardens”, and “Exploration Asia”. The “Exploration Asia” section contains Gibbons, Camels, Markhars, all extraordinary creatures that are under the care of the staff.

Prehistoric Park

In addition to the live creatures, the zoo also contains a park which hosts several dinosaur “models”! Apparently, these “dinosaurs” react as tourists arrive to observe them, and the setting is also set up to resemble the environment of the time period the dinosaurs lived in. If you would like to access a map of the zoo, here it is!

Taking Leadership in Encouraging Conservation

Did you know that the Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo is one of Alberta’s oldest charitable organizations? The zoo opened almost a century ago, and according to their website, the zoo “continues to redefine [their] role” as they are journeying “to become Canada’s leader in wildlife conservation.”

The Wilder Institute also operates the off-site Wildlife Conservation and Archibald Biodiversity Centres. The organization is so much larger than just a single zoo facility!

An iguana
Image by Gekonek from Pixabay

Security and Health When Visiting

For all tourists visiting the zoo, note that the entire facility is smoke and vape-free. First aid can be found on site. If a visitor’s possession is lost, they are encouraged to call Security at the number 403-232-9341. The Lost and Found itself is found near 12th Street SE, “located at the Security office south of the ENMAX Conservatory.”

All visitors are also assured that there is a fully equipped first aid station on site.

If you would like to discover more about the Calgary Zoo, be sure to check out their website!

The Killing Fields: How the Khmer Rouge Attempted to Erased a Nation’s Identity

Areej C
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0
The Killing Fields: How the Khmer Rouge Attempted to Erased a Nation’s Identity

What is the Khmer Rouge?

The Khmer Rouge, also known as the Communist Party of Kampuchea, was the result of brewing ultranationalist views shaped by both French colonialism and the controlled regime of Sihanouk. The suppression of political opposition within Sihanouk’s regime had further fueled their beliefs, like in many other countries, where these groups are formed as a sign of resistance against the ruling power.  Following radical-Maoism, from China’s Mao Zedong’s communist beliefs, extreme ultranationalism, and anti-imperialist beliefs, the Khmer Rouge aspired to ‘restore’ Cambodia to an agrarian society. To the public, they represented a force against the pro-American government. Angered by destructive American bombing and encouraged by Sihanouk’s call to arms, many Cambodians joined the Khmer Rouge

What did they do?

Upon seizing power, the Khmer Rouge, led by dictator Pol Pot, implemented their agenda to restore Cambodia to a classless, agrarian, communist state. This began with executing any individuals associated with the prior government, and beginning to evacuate city residents to the countryside, leaving those who couldn’t make the trip behind. This alone separated countless families. Under the new regime, all citizens were stripped of all their belongings, and given the same clothes and haircut. All private property, money and religion were outlawed. Specifically, religious institutions were targeted, and destroyed. All religions were banned including Buddhism, Christianity and Islam, with anyone daring to practice religion being persecuted. Buddhist monks were targeted, as they were a symbol of the old class system, thousands were either executed or sent to labour camps. All forms of education, including schools and books were banned and burned, as well as anyone who was educated being executed. 

Who was targeted?

Many were executed due to their ethnicity, the regime targeted Muslim Cham, Vietnamese, Chinese, Thai, and Laotian individuals due to their anti-imperialist sentiment. They believed these individuals threatened Cambodian society, and their visions of national unity. This ethnic cleansing and racism was to ‘purify’ the country from these perceived threats. The Cham Muslims, were targeted for their faith and ethnic distinction, although they had a long history in Cambodia. Up to 500,000 Cham Muslims were killed alone, some even forced to convert, due to the regime’s views of Islam as a foreign entity that was a symbol of decadence. The Vietnamese were targeted for their long standing conflict with their country, and were classed as state enemies and even accused as spies. The Chinese, a form of supposed capitalism, and foreign influence, which threatened their ideals of a restored Cambodia. All these individuals due to their ethnicity became a target for the genocidal regime, and were stereotyped and executed from their identity.  

Exploitation

Within the countryside, the new agricultural workforce was to produce impossible amounts of rice, and local leaders would be killed if they were not fulfilled. Leading many leaders to prioritize fulfilling orders before feeding workers. Underfed, overworked and suffering from malaria and malnutrition, thousands died in the fields. When the Khmer Rouge’s plan failed to produce the expected amount of rice, the regime became paranoid of internal enemies who were trying to sabotage their ‘revolution’. This amplified their executions, and led them to begin arresting and executing perceived threats.

Murder & Genocide

Enemies of the revolution were those classified due to their appearance, many as mentioned before such as based on ethnicity, intellect, and class but many for their literal outward appearance. A common example referenced is the Khmer Rouge’s targeting of those who wore glasses, due its association with intellect. The S-21 prison called Tuol Seong, was where these individuals were often sent. 14,000-17,000 prisoners were kept there, with only 12 believed to have survived. Thousands were interrogated, tortured and executed in mass killings. More murders occurred within the “Killing Fields”, which were remote areas where individuals were murdered with items such as pickaxes in brutal and inhumane ways, and then buried in mass graves. This genocide contuned for four entire years, until 1979, when Vietnamese troops working with turned Khmer Rogue members took control of the country, trigerring the second civil war between this time that continued until the 1990’s. Overall two million people were murdered by the Khmer Rouge regime, wiping a quarter of the country’s population.

Sources

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Master Your Resolutions: The Ultimate Guide to Setting SMART Goals for 2025

Mahnoor Altaf
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0
Master Your Resolutions: The Ultimate Guide to Setting SMART Goals for 2025

Every new year, millions of people around the world pick up their pens and paper, scribbling down aspirations, dreams, and hopes. We call these goals. Yet, as December rolls around, many look back at that list to find not a single box ticked—not one.

This year, before 2025 begins, let’s ensure we create goals we can stick to and accomplish.

With that, I present to you: SMART goals!

SMART goals are arguably one of the most effective goal-setting methods out there.

SMART is an acronym that stands for:

  • 🧐 Specific

  • 📏 Measurable

  • ✅ Achievable

  • 🧠 Realistic

  • ⏳ Time-bound

Let’s break down each element so you can learn how to set your own goals using this powerful technique.

Specific 🧐

To make our goal specific, we need to avoid vague statements like “I want to be an author.”

Instead, we can break it down by asking ourselves, “What exactly do I want to achieve?”

This approach helps create a clear and precise goal, such as, “I want to write a 90,000-word novel.”

Measurable 📏

To make our goal measurable, we need a clear way to determine when it has been achieved.

Ask ourselves, “How will I know when I’ve reached my goal?”

For example, hitting 90,000 words on a novel provides a specific and tangible benchmark to confirm whether the goal has been accomplished.

Achievable ✅

This is our action plan.

Ask ourselves: “What steps will we take to achieve our goal?”

An example could be: “Write 1,000 words each day.”

Realistic 🧠

We need to ensure our goal is realistic. If it’s not, we won’t be able to achieve it.

We should ask ourselves the following:

  • Is the goal realistic and within reach?
  • Is the goal achievable, given the time and resources?
  • Am I able to commit to achieving the goal?

Example of an unrealistic goal:
“Become an Olympic swimmer within one week without any prior swimming experience.”

This goal is likely unattainable because it overlooks the extensive training, local competitions, provincial competitions, and national competitions required before qualifying for the Olympics, which takes years of dedicated effort.

Time-bound ⏳

We need to ensure our goal is time-bound, meaning it has both a clear start and due date.

For example, if our start date is January 1, 2025, and our due date is June 30, 2025, we commit to working toward the goal from the start date and aim to achieve it by the due date.

Setting a specific timeframe boosts our motivation, which, in turn, increases the likelihood of successfully achieving the goal.

Conclusion

In today’s article, we explored the SMART goals technique, which helps us create goals that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-Bound. This method empowers us to set effective and actionable goals.

As we step into the new year, I challenge you to apply this technique to your resolutions and watch as each box gets checked off.

Squid Game Season 2: New Games and What’s Coming Next?

Daniella
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0
Squid Game Season 2: New Games and What’s Coming Next?

Squid Game is back for Season 2, and it’s even bloodier than before. With the return of Gi-hun, the final winner of Season 1, many are wondering what types of games will he play this time. Will he manage to repeat everything and save everyone? Or will he face completely new terrain and have to start from square one again? Here’s a simple breakdown of each game played in Squid Game Season 2 and what could come next in the next deadly season.

Episode 3: 001 – Red Light, Green Light

For the first game, we are introduced to a familiar face–Young-hee, the killer robot doll from Season 1. The classic game ‘Red Light, Green Light’ returns, but this time, Gi-hun has an advantage. His prior experience allows him to warn the other players, helping them stay alive for longer (even though many still didn’t listen). Still, this game remains a terrifying test of both patience and nerve.

Episode 4-5: Six Legs/One More Game – Pentathlon

The first new game is the six-legged pentathlon. In this twisted team game, players are divided into groups of five, each with their legs tied together. On the track, there are five mini-games they must overcome in five minutes. These mini-games include:

  • Ddakji: the traditional Korean game played with folded paper squares
  • Flying Stone: knock over one stone with another
  • Gong-gi: a fast-paced Korean game with five small stones
  • Spinning Top: wrap the string on the spinning top and let go (better hope it spins)
  • Jegi: a game where players must kick a Korean shuttlecock five times

The race against time is nerve-wracking, but this game also highlights the unexpected sense of community among the players in this second season. Teams begin to support one another, offering encouragement and cheers for each team. It’s a surprising moment of camaraderie in a game designed to tear people apart.

Episode 5-6: One More Game/ O X – Mingle

Players step onto a rotating platform and are spun around until a number is called out. Players quickly form a group that matches the number and enter a surrounding room, close the door, and wait. If you don’t have the right number of people or no room, you’re eliminated. However, the shifting dynamics of the game begin to test the strength of certain alliances, demonstrating how quickly trust can turn into betrayal when survival is on the line. 

Episode 7: Friend or Foe – The Special Game

The finale of the season introduces a particularly sinister twist to the games. Similar to last season, players attack each other during a darkened period where flashing lights in the sleeping area signal a deadly confrontation. The chaos originally began in a breakout battle in the men’s bathroom, eventually spreading to greater attacks between O and X players (those for and against the game). However, Gi-hun and his allies manage to seize guns from the pink guards and escape to confront the Front Man. Whether or not Gi-hun will be successful in his endeavours, though, will be revealed in the next season.

What’s Next? Theories for Season 3:

Season 1 ended after six games. Season 2 only managed to get through 3 (and the special game finale). It’s hard not to wonder what is next in store for the remaining players in the next season given that we only made it halfway through the games this year. Here are some intriguing possibilities for the next games:

Jack and Jill

Given the reveal of a second boy doll (complementary to our favourite red light, green light figure), many people quickly jumped to the famous nursery rhyme/game–Jack and Jill. Players are tasked to make their way up the hill in pairs with buckets of water and avoid being eliminated. The specific rules may not be determined yet, but this theory does play into the possible introduction of Cheol-su (boy doll).

Dong, Dong, Dondaemun (London Bridge)

Among those who reject the first theory of Jack and Jill, many are starting to turn towards this second theory of Dong, Dong, Dongdaemun with the two dolls. Music will play as the dolls hold their arms up (as a bridge) and players will run through the track. Once the music ends, the dolls’ arms will fall, entraping any players caught in the bridge and will thereby be eliminated. 

Human Chess

As we know from Season 1, each game played was displayed on the sleeping room’s walls. This time, many observed a large chessboard with crosses on it. This became the theory that one of the next games would be human chess. Human chess itself is quite self-explanatory–humans are the chess pieces. However, knowing Squid Game, this would probably mean any player that’s been taken by another will be eliminated, and this game will keep on going until one side is victorious.

Monkey Bars

Similar to the last game, Monkey Bars was another game taken from the drawings on the wall. Small people can be seen dangling from small triangle designs which would represent the monkey bars. Much like ‘Tug of War’ from Season 1, this game could end up being the last test of physical strength that will eliminate many players. 

With Squid Game pushing the boundaries of what we expected, Season 3 is sure to deliver even more gruesome games. Whether or not we will see our theories in action, Squid Game continues to captivate audiences with its unpredictable gameplay and dark exploration of human nature. 

 

Sources:

​​https://www.sportskeeda.com/us/k-pop/jack-jill-monkey-bars-fans-predict-squid-game-3-challenges 

 

How To Actually Follow Through With Your New Year’s Resolutions

Hannah Li
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0
How To Actually Follow Through With Your New Year’s Resolutions

Happy 2025 Readers! In light of the new year, I’m sure many of you have begun thinking about your New Year’s Resolutions and goals you’d like to accomplish in 2025. I too, have written out my 2025 goals.

However, though most people will set a list of goals to accomplish by the end of every new year, many of these goals aren’t actually accomplished. Instead, we often lose motivation after the first few months of the year, and end up giving up and forgetting about our goals by the latter half of the year.

According to U.S News and World Report, the failure rate for New Year’s resolutions is said to be an estimated 80% with most people losing their resolve and motivation just a few weeks into February.

So, this year, I wanted to share some tips and tricks to help you accomplish your New Year’s Resolutions that have worked for me in the past.

1 – Set Realistic Goals

The biggest mistake that people make when setting New Year’s Resolutions is making them too unrealistic. Though there’s absolutely nothing wrong with dreaming big, setting overly ambitious goals can often lead to burnout and unnecessary dissatisfaction.

For example, it may not be realistic to set the goal to make $1,000,000 by the end of the year if your current income is $10,000. Though it is possible, because this goal is on the unrealistic side, it can be easy for you to feel unhappy about not reaching the goal even if you’ve made significant progress. Instead, a more realistic goal may be to make $50,000-$100,000 by the end of the year. 

By setting a more realistic goal, you set yourself up for success, as you are far more likely to accomplish it.

2 – Set Measurable Goals

Another common mistake when setting New Year’s Resolutions is making the goals too abstract.

For example, the goal of “improving at math” or another school subject is incredibly hard to measure. How will improvement be measured? How much improvement counts towards the goal? Instead, a better goal that targets the same problem would be to increase your math grade by 5%, or be able to solve 5 mental math problems in 10 minutes.

By setting measurable goals, it becomes easier to track your progress and have a better idea of what you’re working towards.

3 – Break Big Goals Down Into Smaller Habits

The easiest way to hold yourself accountable to your New Year’s Resolutions is by breaking them down into small tasks that you can work on every day.

For example, if your New Year’s Resolution is to improve your Math grade by 5%, then your small habit could be doing 3 practice questions every day. You could also stack multiple small habits together, such as doing 5 mental math drills and then moving on to 3 practice questions.

By creating these small habits, you set measurable milestones, making it easier to accomplish your goals, as you know exactly what to do every day.

4 – Revisit Your Goals Monthly 

One of the most common but easily preventable reasons why people don’t accomplish their New Year’s Resolutions is that they simply forget about them!

This is especially true if you have many New Year’s Resolutions – it can be easy to lose track of them by the time it’s April or June!

A quick, implementable solution to this problem is to set a date every month to revisit and review your resolutions. I like setting the first of every month as this “review date”, as it allows me to start the month with a clear idea of what I need to accomplish.

5 – Make A Priority List For Your Goals

Within our New Year’s goals, some are more important to us than others. For example, it may be more important to you to work consistently this year than to radically improve your grades even if these are both of these goals are on your New Year’s resolutions.

Given that it is incredibly hard to follow through with all of our New Year’s Resolutions, especially if we are ambitious and have many, prioritizing 1-2 goals that are most important to us makes it more likely that we work towards what we really care about the most.

This is especially useful in the latter half of 2025, as if many of our goals are still unaccomplished, then we can resolve to just accomplish the most important goals, and still end the year feeling strong and satisfied.

 

Hopefully by implementing these tips and working hard, we can all accomplish our goals by the end of 2025 and come out of the year stronger than we started. I wish you all luck in accomplishing your New Year’s Resolutions, and let’s all encourage each other to become the best version of ourselves this year!

So, what are you waiting for? Get cracking on those resolutions!

 

Sources:

https://abcnews.go.com/US/struggling-new-years-resolutions-track/story?id=96173041#:~:text=According%20to%20research%2C%20Rook%20Williams,U.S%20News%20and%20World%20Report.

Taste The Rainbow: How Colours Influence What We Eat

Suha A
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2
Taste The Rainbow: How Colours Influence What We Eat
When we walk down the grocery aisle, we are often drawn to brightly coloured packaging that promises of freshness and flavour. These food packaging colours aren’t just for aesthetics, they play a crucial role in shaping our choices, influencing our perceptions of taste, and can even affect how hungry we feel.
From the vibrant reds of ketchup bottles to the calming greens on organic products, colours can trigger psychological responses that subtly guide our purchasing decisions.

Food Packaging Designs Shape Our Choices

Colour is vital when it comes to how humans perceive the world around them. Different colours are associated with various emotions, themes, and aesthetics. In today’s society, we associate specific colours with certain ideas and concepts.
For example, shades of green (and other cool tones) are used tremendously by food packaging companies when attempting to advertise a product as healthy, organic, and fresh. Customers are drawn in by images of lush grassy fields and bright green leaves radiating health.
Food companies use warmer colours to advertise the deliciousness of their product. Sweet items and tasty snacks alike feature warm tones like orange, brown, and yellow. They promote indulgence and give the product a more “friendly” feel.
In some instances, the colour red can instill hunger in individuals. Fast food companies use red to create a sense of urgency and stimulate appetite.
Research suggests that the colour of the food packaging can impact the way the consumer perceives the taste of the item. How you present the food plays a big role in how it tastes!
Food with an appetizing appearance is what draws humans in. These dishes wield a variety of colours and textures to appeal to consumers.

 

The Science Behind Colour Psychology

Due to evolution, human brains have grown to prefer warmer colours. While hunting and foraging for food, cool tones were associated with unripe and sour-tasting fruit. Ripe fruit with a sweeter taste were usually coloured warmly.
Our brain is wired to understand that eating warm coloured food will lead to positive results, and this idea has been carried onto food packaging as well.
Colours and their direct ties to emotion also play a role in the food choices you make. Many connect the colour black to sadness, which is why you don’t see a lot of all-black packaging at the grocery store.
Since our brain associates specific colours with positive emotions, we are more inclined to consume and purchase food displayed with those colours.
Unfortunately, researchers have not done a large amount of work on color psychology, but they discover more every day.
Food producers and packagers make the biggest profits using this research, tailoring their designs to appeal to our psyche.

Conclusions

The color of food plays a powerful role in influencing our eating habits and preferences, often more than we realize. Vibrant colors can make food more visually appealing, triggering appetite and stimulating hunger.
Our perception of taste can be altered by color, with certain hues making food seem sweeter, fresher, or richer.
Ultimately, color affects not only our enjoyment of food but also the way we make choices, whether consciously or subconsciously, shaping our overall eating experience.
It is important to make healthy choices regarding what we nourish our bodies with. Avoid being influenced by flashy packaging designed to avert attention from the actual health benefits of the product.

Sources: 1, 2, 3

A History of Vaccination

Amy Xia
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A History of Vaccination

A History of Vaccination

It seems not long ago that COVID-19 was still around, forcefully interfering with almost every aspect of our lives, from visiting friends to even attending in-person classes. In 2020, not long after the initial outbreak of this pandemic, COVID-19 vaccination became available in Canada. Vaccines help us defend ourselves against the invasion of any hostile diseases like COVID by initiating an infection; they trigger our bodies’ immune defences, thus allowing our bodies to learn and remember how to deal with an actual, full-blown infection had the pathogens come. As one of the most impactful discoveries in human history, how were vaccines created and developed? 

Photo by Spencer Davis on Unsplash

As early as the 10th century, in China, people have attempted to use the method of vaccine to develop natural immunity against diseases like smallpox. For instance, historical records suggest that back then, people used scabs from smallpox lesions to induce immune system responses in order to combat smallpox. This practice was referred to as variolation. Compared to naturally infected smallpox, which has a mortality rate of 20% to 30% of those infected, variolation does decrease the fatality rate to 2% to 3%. 

Photo by Diana Polekhina on Unsplash

In 1796, an English physician, Edward Jenner, conducted the experiment that laid the foundation for modern vaccines. At the time, he noticed that milkmaids who had been infected with cowpox previously, a disease similar to yet less severe compared to smallpox, seemed to have immunity against smallpox. To discover whether exposure to cowpox would protect individuals against smallpox, Jenner inoculated James Phipps, a young 8-year-old boy, with materials from cowpox sore. Later, Phipps showed immunity to smallpox despite showing local reactions. This groundbreaking experiment of Jenner determined the birth of vaccination. 

Photo by Sam Moghadam on Unsplash

In the 19th century, Louis Pasteur made another huge contribution to the history of vaccines. He produced vaccines in the laboratory for rabies and anthrax; these vaccines stimulate immunity using pathogens weakened so they cannot cause diseases. Even though Pasteur’s attempt to use the vaccines on humans failed, he demonstrated that vaccines can be used on diseases other than smallpox, largely expanding the application of vaccine developments. 

Photo by Daniel Schludi on Unsplash

When it comes to the 20th century, humanity witnessed the era of vaccinology golden age. Vaccines for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and polio were developed, and they were instrumental in enormous improvements in public health. In 1967, the World Health Organization (WHO) started the smallpox eradication campaign; later in 1980, smallpox was eradicated through vaccination. It is the first disease to be globally eradicated—a historical milestone in public health. 

Photo by Diana Polekhina on Unsplash

From the history of vaccines, we see the magic of human creations, inventions, and discoveries. We see humanity’s resilience and innovation in the face of natural adversities like pathogens and diseases. The history of vaccines is filled with trials and errors, successes and failures, breakthroughs and collaborations. As we continue to address emerging public health issues and challenges, vaccines remain one of the most important milestones on humans’ battle against diseases. 

Sources:

https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/history-of-vaccination/a-brief-history-of-vaccination#:~:text=Dr%20Edward%20Jenner%20created%20the,cowpox%20were%20immune%20to%20smallpox.&text=In%20May%201796%2C%20English%20physician,the%20hand%20of%20a%20milkmaid.

https://www.immunize.org/vaccines/vaccine-timeline/

 

 

BBQs can cause cancer? – Effects of Heterocyclic amines (HCAs)

Lucy Choi
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0
BBQs can cause cancer? – Effects of Heterocyclic amines (HCAs)

Where is the mutagen found?

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs), a group of potent mutagenic compounds, are found in cooked meats, particularly in well-done meats. These carcinogens, which may cause cancer, are formed when meat, poultry, or fish is cooked at high temperatures using methods such as frying, broiling, barbecuing, or grilling. HCAs result from chemical reactions between creatine or creatinine, amino acids, and sugars, with higher levels produced as cooking temperature and duration increase. Pan-frying and grilling generate the highest concentrations of HCAs, which have been shown to induce tumors in experimental animal models and are among the most potent mutagens detected in Ames/Salmonella tests.

 

Are there any positive uses for Heterocyclic Amines?

Heterocyclic amines, despite their potential mutagenic properties, have several positive uses. Pyridine, a type of heterocyclic amine, is utilized as a flavoring agent in various food products, enhancing taste and aroma. Additionally, pyrimidine and purines, which are also heterocyclic amines, play an essential role in nutrition as components of vitamins B1, B6, and niacin, contributing to vital metabolic functions.

Moreover, purines and pyrimidines are critical to genetic and cellular processes as they form the nucleobases cytosine, uracil, thymine, adenine, and guanine. These nucleobases are the fundamental building blocks of DNA and RNA, which are essential for storing genetic information and supporting cellular activities.

How does the mutagen cause the change in DNA?

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) cause changes in DNA by forming covalent bonds with DNA molecules, known as DNA adducts, during metabolic activation. When HCAs are metabolically activated by enzymes such as cytochrome P450 1A2, the amino group undergoes oxidation, followed by acetylation or sulfation. This process creates highly reactive mutagenic intermediates, such as nitrenium ions, which interact with cellular macromolecules, including DNA. These interactions result in the formation of DNA adducts that disrupt the genetic code within the DNA strand.

If these DNA adducts are not repaired, they can lead to mutations, which may alter the flow of genetic information in a cell. Such mutations can interfere with normal cellular functions and potentially increase the risk of cancer. HCAs have been shown to be potent mutagens in Ames/Salmonella tests and have been demonstrated to induce tumors in experimental animal models.

What effect can the mutagen eventually cause?

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) can eventually increase the risk of various cancers, particularly in the digestive and reproductive systems. Studies have linked high HCA intake to cancers of the colon, rectum, breast, prostate, and stomach, with frequent consumption of well-done meats associated with elevated risks of colorectal, pancreatic, and prostate cancers.

 How can contact with the mutagen be prevented? Do any human activities cause an increase in contact with the mutagen?

Contact with heterocyclic amines (HCAs) can be minimized by adopting specific cooking practices that reduce their formation. Lowering pan temperatures, shortening cooking times, and frequently turning meat during cooking can significantly decrease HCA production while ensuring bacterial safety. Avoiding direct exposure of meat to open flames or hot metal surfaces, as well as refraining from prolonged cooking at high temperatures, can also help. Using a microwave to precook meat reduces the time it spends in contact with high heat, further lowering HCA levels. Additionally, removing charred portions of meat and avoiding gravy made from meat drippings can reduce exposure to HCAs and related carcinogens like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

On the other hand, certain human activities can increase contact with HCAs. High intake of red and processed meats, as well as cooking methods like grilling, barbecuing, and pan-frying at high temperatures, lead to higher HCA formation. Epidemiological studies have linked frequent consumption of such meats to an increased risk of cancers, including breast, colorectal, and prostate. By adjusting cooking techniques and reducing consumption of overcooked meats, individuals can effectively limit their contact with these harmful mutagens.

Stats associated with the Heterocyclic Amines

I came across statistics linking mutagens, particularly heterocyclic amines (HCAs), to an increased risk of colon cancer. A population-based, case-control study conducted in North Carolina between 1996 and 2000 found a positive association between red meat intake and colon cancer. The study included 701 African-American and 957 White participants and reported odds ratios (OR) for various factors related to meat intake and cooking methods. Specifically, red meat intake was positively associated with colon cancer, with an OR of 2.0 (95% CI (CI= Confidence Interval): 1.3, 3.2). The strongest associations were found for pan-fried red meat (OR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.4, 3.0) and well/very well-done red meat (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.5). The study also noted the strongest association for the HCA 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx), with odds ratios ranging from 1.8 to 2.0 across different levels of exposure. These findings suggest a modest, positive relationship between mutagens like HCAs in red meat and the risk of colon cancer.

References:

Pictures: 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5

Butler, L. M. (2003). Heterocyclic Amines, Meat Intake, and Association with Colon Cancer in a Population-based Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157(5), 434–445. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf221

Khalid, M., & Abdollahi, M. (2023). Carcinogen-DNA adduct formation and DNA repair (pp. 589–595). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824315-2.00651-5

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/heterocyclic-amine. (2011, February 2). Www.cancer.gov. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/heterocyclic-amine

Heterocyclic Amine – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Www.sciencedirect.com. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/heterocyclic-amine

Mottram, D. S. (1998). Flavour formation in meat and meat products: a review. Food Chemistry, 62(4), 415–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(98)00076-4

Salmon, C. P. (2000). Minimization of Heterocyclic Amines and Thermal Inactivation of Escherichia coli in Fried Ground Beef. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92(21), 1773–1778. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/92.21.1773

Zheng, W., & Lee, S.-A. (2009). Well-Done Meat Intake, Heterocyclic Amine Exposure, and Cancer Risk. Nutrition and Cancer, 61(4), 437–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635580802710741

National Cancer Institute. (2017, July 11). Chemicals in Meat Cooked at High Temperatures and Cancer Risk. National Cancer Institute; Cancer.gov. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/cooked-meats-fact-sheet

Sugimura, T., Wakabayashi, K., Nakagama, H., & Nagao, M. (2004). Heterocyclic amines: Mutagens/carcinogens produced during cooking of meat and fish. Cancer Science, 95(4), 290–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03205.x

Carvalho, A. M., Miranda, A. M., Santos, F. A., Loureiro, A. P. M., Fisberg, R. M., & Marchioni, D. M. (2015). High intake of heterocyclic amines from meat is associated with oxidative stress. British Journal of Nutrition, 113(8), 1301–1307. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515000628

3 reasons why the “Kite Runner” by Khaled Hosseini Deserves a Perfect Rating:

Hafsah A
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0
3 reasons why the “Kite Runner” by Khaled Hosseini Deserves a Perfect Rating:

 

Caution, spoilers ahead. 

The Kite Runner is unlike any book I’ve ever read. It’s raw and honest, offering a portrayal of life in Afghanistan that doesn’t hold back from the tough realities faced by its people. This novel is primarily an example of historical fiction in that it is set against a backdrop of historic events in Afghanistan, from the collapse of the monarchy to the rise and fall of the Taliban. Hosseini’s writing, though simple at times, captures the characters’ emotions in a way that makes you feel deeply connected to their journey and to a part of the world that is rarely seen through such a personal lens. 

 

1. The Narrative Structure: 

The way The Kite Runner shifts back and forth between Amir’s childhood and adulthood is seamless and serves a purpose: a parallel between his growing up and the turbulent change of Afghanistan. This structure within the story makes it much stronger, showing how much our pasts and history of our surroundings shape who we become. I noticed how Amir’s character evolves from idolizing his father and desperately seeking his approval to gradually becoming his own person, balancing his desire for validation with staying true to his own beliefs. I saw this particularly in Amir’s changing relationship with his father. As a child, he desperately seeks his approval, like when he tries to prove his worth by winning the kite tournament, but over time, he learns that seeking validation doesn’t bring true happiness, and he pursues writing against his fathers wishes, something his younger self could never have imagined. It is this character development throughout the story that stands out to me. 

2. Integration of Culture: 

One of the reasons The Kite Runner stands out is its deep cultural authenticity. Hosseini weaves Afghan terms, traditions, and familial values into the story seamlessly, enriching the narrative and offering a glimpse into Afghan culture without overwhelming the reader. This subtle inclusion, combined with his ability to write about family dynamics with raw honesty, makes the story deeply relatable, especially for readers with strong cultural ties of their own. I enjoyed tracing the timeline of the story, starting in 1975, and observing how the way of life in Afghanistan shifted over the years, for both the upper and lower classes particularly during the war. It was fascinating to follow the country’s history unfold alongside the characters’ journeys.

3. Incorporation of Friendship: 

Although The Kite Runner is known for its number of interpretations, my biggest takeaway from the book was how much a powerful friendship can impact one’s life. Despite the class divide between Amir’s privileged family and Hassan’s marginalized Hazara background, their bond remained strong. Amir’s father even treated Hassan like his own son throughout the book, regardless of societal norms and prejudices that saw such a relationship as unacceptable. This showed how genuine connections can rise above the barriers created by class, ethnicity, and societal expectations. Aamir’s father showed him how to love unconditionally, and this is beautifully encapsulated in the line “For you, a thousand times over.” This line was said twice in the story, having about a twenty-six year gap between the times when they were uttered. When Hassan says it the first time in adolescence, it reflects his devotion to Amir,, just a child doing a favour for a friend who he loved as a brother. Years later, when Amir says it to Sohrab (Hassan’s son), it carries the weight of his mistakes and serves as a promise of redemption and hope, as it is the first time he verbally shares that his own deceitfulness caused him guilt. It’s as if, in this moment, he is seeking forgiveness from the reader for abandoning Hassan all those years ago. To me, this line captures the heart of the story, how true friendship and love can endure, heal, and ultimately transform us.

Although the characters in The Kite Runner lived in a world vastly different from my own, their struggles felt universal. Hosseini explores themes of guilt, redemption, and love through characters who are both flawed and perceptive; they aren’t always likeable or moral, but they are undeniably human.

Khaled Hosseini brings his stories to life in a way few can. His books have earned their place among the greats of literature, and I look forward to what this remarkable author will share with us next.

sources: 1, 2

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Youth Are Awesome, commonly referred to as YAA, is a blog written by youth for youth. YAA provides the youth of Calgary a place to amplify their voices and perspectives on what is happening around them. Youth Are Awesome is a program of Youth Central.

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