When we look back in history, being able to understand the role of cities on the Silk Road today is important as it helps us comprehend how historical trade routes influence modern economic and cultural exchanges. Each city had its speciality:
Rome:
Rome was a very significant city within the Silk Road. This was due to its strategic location near the center of the Mediterranean within the Roman Empire. Rome facilitated a long trade interaction, permitting items to be surpassed from the Middle East and Asia. Silk from China, spices from the East, metals, pottery, and greater were traded through Rome. Due to its facilitation and participation with the Silk Road, wealth accelerated in the Roman Empire, calling for higher demand for merchandise including silk. Eventually, Rome even contributed to silk product by dyeing and weaving silk
Alexandria:
As a city in Egypt, Alexandria became well-known for its port that linked the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean and China. Being a part of land and sea transport, Alexandria efficiently moved Asian items like spices and silk to the Roman Empire. Being close to the Red Sea, Nile River, and Mediterranean, Alexandria turned into the gateway to Egypt and its cultural and economic wealth. Alexandria obtained objects like Chinese Silk, Indian Spices, African Ivory through its port. Indian gemstones and spices which include cardamom and cinnamon additionally made their way to the Roman Empire through Alexandria and enriched the Roman Empire with Asian culture. Exotic flowers and animals such as elephants and medicinal herbs were also transported from the East making Alexandria an area with highly sought after, specific objects. Through Alexandria’s trade, it quickly became a diverse region with multicultural perspectives and items
Constantinople (now Istanbul):
Constantinople, between Europe and Asia with the Bosporus Strait, was subject to various ideas and goods from both regions allowing Constantinople to be a prominent city. The city of Constantinople’s strategically taxed goods that crossed from Asia and Europe. Eventually this became a source of income for the Byzantine Empire, and allowed them to control and regulate the flow of goods such as black pepper from India. This robust economic growth attracted many merchants and traders to come to Constantinople, and soon this city became home to some of the most famous merchants of Silk Road history, such as Heraclius the Elder.
Mecca (actually Makkah)
Unlike other cities, Makkah wasn’t necessarily an important city trade wise, instead it was known as a city for Muslim pilgrimage (Hajj). Within Makkah, Muslims hold high respect to their holy site called the Kaaba. Due to the immense and majority Muslim population in surrounding areas and along the silk road, this location was often visited by Muslims for pilgrimage. Many traders also stopped in Makkah during their journeys across Africa, Middle East, and Asia. Due to the Islamic pilgrimage, when people converged to perform Hajj ideas and cultural ideas were spread and brought back home. Through Makkah, Islamic values were able to spread and influence other cities with the help of the Silk Road.
Tehran:
Tehran, Iran is a unique location with a setting made for cultural exchange. During the time of the Silk Road, Tehran’s bazaar such as the Grand Bazaar fostered cultural interaction and exchanges within traders. Tehran’s bazaars brought people from far and wide, creating a location that brought unique products and individual perspectives to share with other traders. From bazaars, art, literature, technology and ideas were spread for merchants to bring home home and encourage others to engage with. Trade wise, Tehran’s specialty item was Persian silk and carpets. These intricate woven designs received lots of traction from merchants and traders from all along the Silk Road.
Samarkand:
Within famous trading routes, laid Samarkand. A city known for its famous architecture, with beautiful standing buildings that were inspired by Perisan, Islamic, and Asian influences. Samarkand was home to some of the greatest architecture within the Silk Road. Some landmarks include the Registan Square, Shah-i-Zinda, and many more. For trade, Samarkand played a huge role in the Silk and Spice Trade with its strategic location between the East and West, and became an important area with influences from the Timurid Empire, The Middle East and Asia. Samarkand was also home to a famous astronomer named Ulugh Beg who helped Samarkand and the world advance with his findings in astronomy. Overall, Samarkand was home to thinkers, innovators and merchants who created monuments, unveiled discoveries, and facilitated trade.
Lahore:
During the Silk Road Lahore was part of India, whereas now it is part of modern day Pakistan. Even with Lahore’s previous Sikh majority, Lahore’s architecture from the period of the Silk Road was highly influenced by Islamic Moghuls, making it home to one of the most gorgeous mosques in the world. The Badshahi Mosque provided a blend of Islamic culture while including elements of East Asian design. Lahore was very heavily influenced during the time of the Silk Road, and soon became an area with influence from East Asia, Persia, Africa, and other surrounding areas. Lahore contributed to these areas with academic excellence from the University of Punjab, attracting many scholars from the Silk Road to visit and contribute to academic achievements. Lahore was as well as involved with the spice trade, many species emerged from Lahore and were traded all the way to the Roman Empire.
Calcutta (now Kolkata):
Calcutta wasn’t located on main trade routes, but Calcutta still became significant due to its role as a port city on the Bengal Bay. Calcutta connected parts of Asia and facilitated trade to them, due to this Calcutta became a key gateway for all of the Silk Road. Soon Calcutta became home to many merchants, goods and ideas. Specifically, just like Lahore, Calcutta was known for its academic status from the University of Calcutta, leading many scholars to stay in Calcutta and encourage academic growth in the region. Plus like most other Indian cities, Calcutta was part of the spice trade and sent and traded with many merchants for this Indian good.
References
Image:
Photo by Kyle Glenn on Unsplash
http://www.silk-road.com/artl/romanenvoy.shtml%0A
https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/alexandria%0A
https://www.worldhistory.org/alexandria/%0A
from https://www.amnh.org/content/download/58875/954343/file/a-silk-road-journey.pdf%0A
https://festival.si.edu/2002/the-silk-road/the-silk-road-crossroads-and-encounters-of-faith/smithsonian%0A
https://www.mitchellteachers.org/ChinaTour/SilkRoadProject/silk_road_rayy.html%0A
https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/samarkand%0A
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_along_the_Silk_Road%0A
https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/216099/1/THE%2520SILK%2520ROUTE.pdf%0A
https://www.britannica.com/place/Samarkand-Uzbekistan